Yakut alphabet
Yakut script ( Yakut Саха суруга 'Sacha suruga' ) is a written language used to record the Yakut language . During its existence it changed its graphic basis several times and was repeatedly reformed. Currently, the Yakut script works in the Cyrillic alphabet . There are 4 stages in the history of the Yakuts:
- until the early 1920s - Cyrillic writing;
- 1917–1929 - Novgorodov's script using the Latin alphabet;
- 1929–1939 - a uniform alphabet based on Latin;
- since 1939 - Cyrillic writing.
Early writing
For the first time 35 words of the Yakut language were published in the book of the Dutch traveler Nicolaas Witsen , printed in Amsterdam in 1692 . Later, in the 18th-early 19th centuries, some other travelers also published separate lists of Yakut words (in both Cyrillic and Latin).
The first printed book in the Yakut language was the "Short Catechism (Сокращенный катехизис)", which was published in Irkutsk in 1819 . To write the Yakut language, the Russian alphabet was used with no additional letters. Such an alphabet was completely unsuitable for the phonetic features of the Yakut language.
In 1851 the academic Otto von Böhtlingk used the following alphabet in his grammar "About the Jakuten Language": А а, Ӓ ӓ, О о, Ӧ ӧ, І і, Ы ы, У у, Ӱ ӱ, К к, Х х, Г г, Ҕ ҕ, Ҥ ҥ, Т т, Д д, Н н, Ч ч, Џ џ, Н 'н', П п, Б б, М м, Ј ј, Ɉ ɉ, Р р, Л л, L l, С с, Һ һ . Long vowels were indicated by a bar above the letter ( macron ). This alphabet proved very successful and was actively used by the Yakut intelligentsia until the early 1920s. In the publication of sociopolitical and fictitious as well as in magazines. In some editions, the styles of a number of letters have changed. For example, the character Ԣ ԣ was sometimes used instead of Н 'н' .
In the church editions, another alphabet was used in parallel, compiled by DWChitrov in 1858: А а, Б б, Г г, Д д, Ԫ ԫ, Е е, Ё ё, И и, І і, Й й, К к , Л л, М м, Н н, Ҥ ҥ, О о, П п, Р р, С с, Т т, У у, Х х, Ч ч, Ы ы, Э э, Ю ю, Я я, ъ , ь . As in the Bötlingk alphabet, the length of the vowels is indicated by a line above the letter.
In addition to these alphabets, separate alphabets used other alphabets. Therefore, different alphabets are used in all three Yakut primers published in Kazan in 1895-1898 (but all are based on the Cyrillic alphabet). The differences in the alphabets used were significant:
- In the primer of 1895, the Russian alphabet was used without the letters в, ж, з, ф, ц, ш, щ, ъ and also the additional letters ӓ, дж (ligature), ҥ, ӧ, с̇, ӱ, ы̧, я̧ used.
- ABC from 1897 the Russian alphabet was without the letter в, ж, з, ф, ц, ш, щ, ъ and also the additional letters ӓ, дж (ligation), і, й̵, ԣ, ӧ, с̇, ӱ used .
- In the alphabet of 1898, the Russian alphabet was used without the letters в, е, ё, ж, з, и, ф, ц, ш, щ, ъ, ь, э, ю, я as well as additional letters ӓ, џ, і, й̵ , л́, н̍, ԣ, ӧ, ӱ are used.
According to Yakut linguist SA Novgorodov, the main disadvantage of the Bötlingk alphabet was an overabundance of scripts, which led to difficulties in writing and typography. Chitrov's alphabet was poorly adapted to the spoken language of the Yakut language and "was adapted to the Russian reader".
Novgorodov's script
In 1917, a Yakut student at the Petrograd University of SA Novgorodov wrote the Yakut alphabet on the basis of the international phonetic alphabet . There were no capital letters, diacritical marks , or punctuation marks in this alphabet , which, according to Novgorodov, should make the alphabet more convenient for quick writing. Writing Novgorodov should be strictly phonetically - it is heard that it is written.
In the summer of this year, the national and public organizations of Yakut discussed the Novgorodov alphabet and gave a positive opinion on it. Soon the first alphabet book on this alphabet appeared, but since Yakutsk did not have the necessary fonts, the alphabet of the alphabet book had to be changed according to the technical capabilities of the printing company. The alphabet of this edition contained the following letters: a, b, c, d, e, g, ʁ, h, i, ie, j, ɉ, k, l, ʎ, m, n, ng, nj, ɔ, oe , p, q, r, s, t, ɯ, ɯa, u, uo, w, y, з . In addition, the sign “:” was used to indicate long tones (both vowels and consonants).
In the academic year 1920-21, this alphabet was officially introduced into school classes and the Yakut newspaper Mantschaary was translated into the alphabet. In 1923, fonts for the "original" version of the Novgorodov alphabet were created and the book was translated into a new font. At the same time, a number of Yakut scholars and writers (AE Kulakowsky in particular) advocated the abolition of this alphabet and the introduction of writing based on the Cyrillic alphabet.
In 1924 there was widespread discussion about improving the Novgorodov alphabet. Its shortcomings included the lack of capital letters and punctuation marks; the presence of special characters for diphthongs that complicate the alphabet; Graphic uniformity of the text (for example sɯmɯ: t, ɯmɯ :, ɯtɯrɯ :, ɯtɯhɯ:) . As a result, the Yakut Writing Council decided to add capital letters and punctuation marks to the alphabet and to change the style of a number of characters. However, due to the lack of fonts, it was not possible to transfer the publication to a new version of the alphabet.
In 1925, the style was replaced by three more characters in the alphabet. At this point, however, a campaign to create a unified Turkish language alphabet was started and orders for new fonts were suspended. In practice, as a result of the 1924 and 1925 changes, only handwritten text was touched and the printed text was typed in the 1923 font. This situation lasted until 1929.
Uniform Turkic language alphabet
The 1st Turkish Congress in Baku in 1926 recommended that all Turkic peoples of the USSR switch to the standardized Turkic-speaking alphabet ("Janalif"). After this congress, a transcription terminology commission was set up in the Yakut ASSR to discuss the possibility of standardizing the Yakut script. The opinions of the commissioners were divided - partly for the unification, partly against the opposition, since the Novgorodov alphabet was best suited to the Yakut language. As a result, it was decided to change the alphabet so that it comes closer to the "Janalif" while retaining 14 specific Yakut letters. The representative of Yakutia reported this in the Second Plenum of the Central Executive Committee on the new alphabet.
On May 26, 1928, the Yakut Writing Committee of the Yakut CEC approved a new draft of the Yakut alphabet, in which 9 characters remained inconsistent. The issue of unification was raised several times during the year. In 1929, the III plenum of the Central Control Commission for the new alphabet decided that only 2 uniform characters may remain in the Yakut alphabet. Finally, on March 9, 1929, the Yakut CEC officially approved the fully unified Yakut alphabet, establishing the need for unification for political, cultural and economic reasons.
The Yakut alphabet from 1929-1939:
| A a | B b | C c | Ç ç | D d | E e | F f | G g | Ƣ ƣ | H h | I i | J j | K k | L l | M m | N n | Ꞑ ꞑ |
| O o | Ө ө | P p | Q q | R r | S s | Ş ş | T t | U u | V v | W w | X x | Y y | Z z | Ƶ ƶ | Ь ь | ' |
Long vowels in this alphabet were indicated by a double letter and diphthongs by a combination of two letters.
In 1936 a draft for a new reform of the Yakut alphabet was developed. According to the design, the alphabet should contain the letters A a, B в, C c, Ç ç, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l,, M m , N n, Ŋ ŋ, Ꞑ ꞑ, O o, P p, Q q, Ƣ ƣ, R r, S s, Ş ş, T t, U u, V v, Y y, З з, Ƶ ƶ, Ь ь, Ө ө
. It has been suggested to refer to long vowels as macaroons. However, this project was never implemented.
Modern Yakut alphabet
In the second half of the 1930s, the process of translating the written languages of the peoples of the USSR into Cyrillic began. In 1938 preparations began for the creation of the Yakuts' Cyrillic alphabet. Employees of the Yakutsk Research Institute of Language and Culture and scientists from Leningrad took part in the development of the project . On March 23, 1939, by decree of the People's Commissar for Education of the USSR, the new Yakut alphabet was approved.
Initially, the symbol H h was used in this alphabet , but since the capital h coincided with the capital н , the style H h was soon replaced with Һ һ . No changes have been made to the Yakut alphabet since then, only the rules of spelling have changed.
In the Yakut language today an alphabet is used that is based on the Cyrillic alphabet and that contains the entire Russian alphabet plus five additional letters: Ҕҕ, Ҥҥ, Өө, Һһ, Үү and two digraphs: Дь дь, Нь нь . There are also 4 diphthongs used: уо, ыа, иэ, үө (not in the alphabet).
| А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Ҕ ҕ | Д д | Дь дь | Е е | Ё ё | Ж ж |
| З з | И и | Й й | К к | Л л | М м | Н н | Ҥ ҥ | Нь нь | О о |
| Ө ө | П п | Р р | С с | Һ һ | Т т | У у | Ү ү | Ф ф | Х х |
| Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы | Ь ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я |
Allocation table for the various alphabets
| Кириллица | IPA | Латиница 1929–1939 |
Алфавит Новгородова |
алфавит Бётлингка |
Алфавит Хитрова |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| А а | / a / | Aa | a | Аа | Аа |
| Б б | / b / | Bв | b | Бб | Бб |
| В в | / v / | Vv | - | - | - |
| Г г | /G/ | Gg | G | Гг | Гг |
| Ҕ ҕ | / ɣ, ʁ / | Ƣƣ | ʃ | Ҕҕ | - |
| Д д | / d / | Dd | d | Дд | Дд |
| Дь дь | / ɟ / | Çç | з | Џџ |
|
| Е е | / e, each / | Ee | - | - | Ее |
| Ё ё | / jo / | - | - | - | - |
| Ж ж | / ʒ / | Ƶƶ | - | - | - |
| З з | / z / | Currently | - | - | - |
| И и | / i / | Ii | i | Іі | Ии, Іі |
| Й й | / y / | Yy | j | Јј, Ɉɉ | Йй |
| К к | / k / | Kk | k | Кк | Кк |
| Л л | / l / | Ll | l, ʎ | Лл, Ll | Лл |
| М м | / m / | Mm | m | Мм | Мм |
| Н н | / n / | Nn | n | Нн | Нн |
| Ҥ ҥ | / ŋ / | Ꞑꞑ | ŋ | Ҥҥ | Ҥҥ |
| Нь нь | / ɲ / | Nj nj | ɲ | Н'н ' | Нь нь |
| О о | /O/ | Oo | ɔ | Оо | Оо |
| Ө ө | /O/ | Ɵɵ | ꭢ | Ӧӧ | Ёё |
| П п | / p / | Pp | p | Пп | Пп |
| Р р | / r / | Rr | r | Рр | Рр |
| С с | / s / | Ss | s | Сс | Сс |
| Һ һ | /H/ | Hh | H | һ | - |
| Т т | / t / | Tt | t | Тт | Тт |
| У у | / u / | Uu | u | Уу | Уу |
| Ү ү | / y / | Yy | y | Ӱӱ | - |
| Ф ф | / f / | Ff | - | - | - |
| Х х | / q, x / | q | Хх | Хх | |
| Ц ц | / ʦ / | - | - | - | - |
| Ч ч | / ʧ / | Cc | c | Чч | Чч |
| Ш ш | / ʃ / | Şş | - | - | - |
| Щ щ | / ɕː / | - | - | - | - |
| Ъ ъ | [-] | - | - | - | ъ |
| Ы ы | / ɯ / | Ьь | ɯ | Ыы | Ыы |
| Ь ь | [-] | - | - | - | - |
| Э э | / æ, e / | Ee | e | Ӓӓ | Ээ |
| Ю ю | / ju / | - | - | - | Юю |
| Я я | /Yes/ | - | - | - | Яя |
The modern diphthong ыа, иэ, уо, үө were in the alphabet of Novgorodov with the characters 
, 
, 
and w , respectively.
Web links
- Электронная коллекция книг на якутском языке, изданных до 1917 года
- К унифицированному тюркскому алфавиту (из истории якутской письменности) // «Илин», № 1–2, 1999
Individual evidence
- ↑ Предпосылки возникновения якутской книги . Память Якутии. Retrieved October 29, 2014.
- ↑ Сокращенный катехизис ( Yakut ) akhamemory.ru. Retrieved August 20, 2019.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h С. Донской: По этапам якутской письменности . In: Революция и письменность . tape 13 , no. 3 . Власть Советов, М. 1932 ( ilin-yakutsk.narod.ru [accessed September 3, 2019]).
- ↑ a b c Н. Е. Петров: Алфавит якутского языка . In: Вопросы совершенствования алфавитов тюркских языков СССР . Наука, М. 1972, p. 208-214 .
- ↑ В. М. Ионов, С. А. Новгородов (ed.): Saqalɯ: suruk bicik . Областная типография, Якутск 1917, p. 44 ( leb.nlr.ru [accessed September 3, 2019] restricted access).
- ↑ Д. Кулаковский: Новая транскрипция якутского языка . In: Красный Север . No. 1 , 1921, p. 24–27 ( e.nlrs.ru [accessed on September 3, 2019] only freely available up to p. 8).
- ↑ Проект, разработанный Комитетом нового алфавита при ЦИК ЯАССР для внесения в Президиум ЦИ . ЯА 1937, p. 10 ( e.nlrs.ru [accessed on September 3, 2019] p. 1 freely available).
- ↑ Н. Е. Петров: Орфография якутского языка . In: Орфографии тюркских литературных языков СССР . Наука, М. 1973, p. 284-301 .
- ↑ В Unicode коды символов AB60 AB61 AB63, соответственно.