Jewish judges

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A Jewish judge (also called iudex Iudeorum) was in the Middle Ages, a Christian , mostly from a distinguished family, or Jewish sometimes officer of the Prince, who also appointed, also by a Jewish community appointed, and the judges for disputes between Christians and Jews was responsible . In Vienna city law , the Jewish judge was only responsible for conflicts between two Jews if one of the two, or both parties, called on him.

The Jewish judge was probably not paid, but - as was generally the case at that time - part of the court income formed his remuneration. It is not possible to determine the term of office of the Jewish judge. A new appointment after an interruption of a term of office can be determined repeatedly.

He received fines from Christians if they desecrated a synagogue and from Jews if they did not appear before the court of the Jewish judge after being summoned or if they wounded another Jew. In disputes between Jews he could only intervene if a party brought an action before him.

In the course of time, such officials were deployed throughout the German-speaking area. Judges were active in numerous well-known Jewish communities. The first Jewish judge in what is now Austria appeared in 1264 in Krems an der Donau ; others followed in the community in Vienna , in Judenburg (1305) and Hartberg , as well as Pettau (1333), judicial district Marburg (1364), Maribor (1354 at the latest) Voitsberg (1381), Graz (1382) Radkersburg Umgebung (1386) and in Bruck an der Mur (1393). In the largest communities, the Jewish judge was replaced or supported by a mixed Jewish court (it consisted of Christians and Jews), which is occupied in Lower Austria in Wiener Neustadt , in the municipality of Krems , Bruck an der Leitha and Tulln .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Eveline Brugger: From settlement to expulsion; in: History of the Jews in Austria . S. 172 .
  2. ↑ a b c The Judge of the Jews. In: Lexicus. Retrieved May 28, 2020 .
  3. ↑ Hans-Henning Kortüm: Claudius Sieber-Lehmann, Pope and Emperor as twins? Another look at the universal powers in the investiture dispute. (Papacy in Medieval Europe, Vol. 4.) Cologne / Weimar / Vienna, Böhlau 2015 . In: Historical magazine . tape 304 , no. 3 , January 6, 2017, ISSN  2196-680X , doi : 10.1515 / hzhz-2017-1206 .
  4. ↑ Everyday life in business. Aspects of Judeo-Christian coexistence as reflected in the medieval business documents of Birgit Wiedl (St. Pölten)