Pairing (movie)
Coupling , also called pulling up or straightening , describes a work step in the showing of analog cinema films . The individual acts of a film copy are linked by the projectionist so that they can then be shown continuously (i.e. without fading ). For this purpose, allonge , black film and start tape are separated from each act and the files are connected with adhesive strips. The reverse process is known as decoupling or disconnecting .
With the conversion of almost all projection rooms to digital cinema , which has been progressing since 2005, the coupling process is only rarely required, namely when an older film copy from archives is to be shown. Most cinemas no longer have the necessary analog film projector . Valuable archive copies, e.g. B. from silent films , may also not be linked because they could be damaged.
Action
A 100-minute film ( 35 mm copy , net 2736 m long) is divided into five or six acts by the rental company and shipped as rolls in transport boxes. The rolls weigh about 25 to 30 kg. An act is a maximum of 600 meters long, which corresponds to about 20 minutes running time.
The files must first be examined by the presenter for transport damage and completeness in order to avoid "wrong" file changes - i.e. missing or mixed-up parts.
Until the end of the 1960s, the nudes were mostly shown separately with two film projectors, alternating between them and briefly faded in at the end. In order to simplify this file change or to make it superfluous, larger reels were initially used that could accommodate two or more files. A spool about 1.2 meters in diameter is required for a full film.
The individual files are unwound one after the other on a so-called rewinding table or reel disc and rolled up onto the large reel. Any damage to the film material becomes visible; The material can also be rolled up the wrong way round (this would result in a mirror-inverted projection, which would be recognized quickly, because then the soundtrack becomes visible in the picture and there is no sound to the film) or the end is on the outside - then it has to be rewound before further processing become. In the case of old or frequently played film copies, the perforation must also be checked, since missing perforations or torn films can lead to film tears in the projector. To do this, hold the film running on the rewinding table between your thumb and forefinger with a cloth glove. Missing or jagged perforations can be identified. Defective areas are then cut away and the film stuck together again. Such repairs and missing parts of the film can be recognized in old films, for example by jerky movements of the actors and interruptions in the soundtrack. Since the unwinding roller runs very quickly at the end of the projection, the film material is more stressed and often scratched, which leads to flickering of the image in the case of copies that are often played.
When cutting and re-gluing the film (in case of damaged areas or to join files together), care must be taken to ensure that no incomplete frames (individual images) with fewer than the usual perforation holes per individual image are created. Otherwise, there will be “offsets” in which it is not the individual images but the opaque “dividing bar” that is projected between the individual images. The viewer sees the lower part of the individual images (as a running film) above the separating bar and the upper part of the individual images (as a running film) below the separating bar.
At the beginning of the (color-coded) end tape of the first act, this is cut off and kept safely in a box or box until it is later decoupled. The (differently color-coded) starting tape of the second act is cut off until its end - the simultaneous beginning of the first scene of act two - and just as carefully put aside. The end of act one and the beginning of act two are now glued together and provided with a conspicuous marking so that this interface can be found again later without any effort. A hindrance to the projector must be excluded; nor should the viewer see any of it. A colored adhesive strip about five centimeters long that protrudes slightly on one side is common.
The second and all subsequent files are also treated in the same way. If you do not want to routinely perform the entire coupling backwards and start with the end of the last act instead of the beginning of the first act, rewinding is required before the beginning of the next performance.
Plate systems
Rewinding film is not very gentle on the material and also takes time. Therefore, a solution was sought to get away from the coil operation . So-called plate systems have existed since the end of the 1960s, with which the beginning of the film can be brought out of the middle of such a roll without rewinding, and the next screening could begin without a long delay.
If you turn an upright film reel through 90 ° and lay it flat like a plate, you can do without one side of the reel cover. The coil core is designed to be removable and you have the plate operation . With the appropriate tracking electronics, the dispensing plate is rotated for unwinding just as fast as the film strip runs through the projector - and is wound onto a second receiving plate with a separate control.
An endless loop is also conceivable, especially in the case of continuous operation. For automatic operation, there is no need to re-thread the screen before each performance. Unwinding and unwinding take place on the same plate and the entire film is glued together to form an endless strip.
See also
Web links
- Couple. Lexicon of Film Terms, University of Kiel , February 18, 2013, accessed on July 1, 2018 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b pairing. Lexicon of Film Terms, University of Kiel , February 18, 2013, accessed on July 1, 2018 .
- ↑ Silent Film Concerts Glossary. stummfilmkonzerte.de, accessed on July 1, 2018 .