Through coupling

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In linguistics, coupling is a determinative compound whose first link consists of a coordination of at least two free morphemes , for example input-output function , sweet and sour dish or east-west conversations .

In the official regulation of German spelling from 2006, the designation through coupling is not used; compositions using hyphens are dealt with in Sections 43 and 44. In the Duden Duden of 1991 the spelling rule 41 (R 41) reads: "In a string of a basic word and several defining words, all words are connected by hyphens (coupled through)." The Duden updated for the reform of German spelling from 1996 also contains the verb durchkoppeleln in the 21st edition of 1996 in rule 28: “In a sequence , all words are connected by hyphens (coupled through). Compositions of word groups as in the following examples <§ 44> are considered to be strings. "

reason

Coupling is used in German because the extensive freedom in sentence structure (e.g. position of the subject) can otherwise cause local ambiguities that inhibit legibility . There are many word combinations that have two different meanings depending on the coupling through.

application

In German , compound words are usually written together in one word. Thus, from the words beef labeling and regulation the compound Beef Labeling Regulation formed - this is beef labeling the qualifying expression and regulation , the basic word .

However, if the determination consists of a group of several words, numbers or single letters, which are usually separated by spaces, then all the individual components are linked (coupled through) by hyphens to form the compound. The first word of the compound (if the compound is a noun) and substantive components are usually capitalized.

Examples: Harry Potter novel , Johann-Sebastian-Bach-Straße , peer-to-peer client , conditio-sine-qua-non formula , Deutsche Bank branch , 450 euro job , 2 kg Pack , knockout punch , living into the day , but: y-axis section , c minor scale , pH value determination , i-cup tab .

Some of these examples show that technical conventions and other peculiarities sometimes force a deviation from the basic rule that noun compounds begin with a capital letter.

Coupling is also necessary for determinations consisting of nouns connected with and . Examples: Chamber of Industry and Commerce (the more common spelling “Chamber of Industry and Commerce” is also accepted by the Duden), profit and loss account , take-off and landing runway , blood and soil ideology . Incorrect spellings such as profit and loss accounts are widespread ; Written like this, it would mean that one is talking about a profit and loss account (= two bills). In fact, the profit and loss account is a statement that determines profit (or loss).

The coupling is also used in nouns used infinitives with more than two components.

Examples: coming too late, coming into force, playing in the snow, making music with the violin .

Many compounds originally formed by coupling through have now become established in such a way that they are written together and the coupled form looks strange.

Examples: tardiness instead of to-late-coming , the entry into force instead of in-force .

Spelling that is not coupled through - usually with just a hyphen in front of the basic word or without a hyphen at all - is one of the most common spelling mistakes in German.

Compounds of numbers, words and special characters

Compounds of numbers, words and special characters are also coupled through (100 m run) . If special characters such as the multiplication symbol appear next to or between numbers, the spaces between numbers and special characters are not replaced by hyphens in the coupled compound (5% clause, 9 × 19 mm cartridge) .

Foreign language terms

Compounds whose definition is a multi-part foreign word (for example from English ) are coupled through according to the German spelling rules . So it is called z. B. Macrohard soft dot installer or open source encyclopedia . This applies even if all the compositional components come from English, but one of the word components is used frequently in German: Heavy Metal-Band (according to the new spelling also: Heavymetal-Band ), Come-as-you-are-Party , Key -account manager (according to the new spelling: key account manager ).

quotation marks

If the provision is in quotation marks , the coupling is often left out (example: "Risen from the ruins" anthem). This notation is mainly used for quotations or work titles. Sometimes the coupling is omitted if the provision is in a different font style (e.g. Harry Potter novel). Neither of the two spellings is dealt with in the official regulations. Special treatment of these cases as described here is therefore not covered by the applicable spelling rules.

Proper names of institutions

Some institutions' proper names look like compositions with no through-coupling, e.g. B. Robert Bosch Foundation , Einstein Forum and Gottfried Keller Foundation . However, the rules on German spelling point out that such names of institutions, just like other proper names, are not bound by the orthographic rules and their spelling can therefore deviate from them. In the preliminary remarks in Section C. Hyphenated writing states:

“The hyphenated spelling of proper names does not always comply with the following rules, so that only general information can be given. Compositions of proper names and nouns to designate schools, universities, companies, companies and similar institutions are written as they are officially established. In cases of doubt, one should write according to § 46 to § 52 [i.e. the general RS]. "

See also

literature

  • Mathilde Hennig (Hrsg.): The dictionary of the linguistic doubt cases. Correct and good German . tape 9 . Dudenverlag, Berlin 2016, ISBN 978-3-411-04098-8 , pp. 163–165 ( limited preview in Google Book search).

Web links

Commons : Through-coupling  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Sentence and examples according to Hartmut Günther: Lemma Durchkopplung. In: Helmut Glück (ed.), With the assistance of Friederike Schmöe : Metzler Lexikon Sprache. 3rd, revised edition. Metzler, Stuttgart / Weimar 2005, ISBN 3-476-02056-8 .
  2. ^ Dudenredaktion (Ed.): Spelling of the German language . Based on the new official spelling rules. 20th, completely reworked. and exp. Edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim et al. 1991, ISBN 978-3-411-04010-0 , p. 26 .
  3. ^ Dudenredaktion (Ed.): Spelling of the German language . Based on the new official spelling rules. 21., completely reworked. and exp. Edition. Dudenverlag, Mannheim et al. 1996, ISBN 978-3-411-04011-7 , p. 28 .
  4. ^ Council for German orthography (ed.): German orthography. Rules and dictionary . Edited version of the official regulations 2017. Mannheim 2018, Section B, esp. § 37 ( Regulations [PDF; 936 kB ; accessed on March 23, 2018]).
  5. ^ Council for German orthography (ed.): German orthography. Rules and dictionary . Edited version of the official regulations 2017. Mannheim 2018, Section C, esp. §§ 44–51 ( Regulations [PDF; 936 kB ; accessed on March 23, 2018]).
  6. ^ Council for German orthography (ed.): German orthography. Rules and dictionary . Edited version of the official rules 2017. Mannheim 2018, Section C ( usually part [PDF; 936 kB ; accessed on March 23, 2018]).
  7. ↑ Duden spelling, 22nd edition, 2000 ("new" spelling); identical also 20th edition 1991 ("old" spelling).
  8. ^ Council for German orthography (ed.): German orthography. Rules and dictionary . Edited version of the official rules 2017. Mannheim 2018 . Section C, esp §§ 43.45 ( usually part [PDF; 936 kB ; accessed on March 23, 2018]).
  9. ↑ Typographical Conventions. Hyphens section . In: faql.de. Retrieved December 26, 2018 .
  10. ^ Sigrun Schroth-Wiechert: The hyphen in technical reports: rules - examples - comments. (PDF; 1 MB) In: fsz.uni-hannover.de. P. 10 , accessed on December 26, 2018 (rule 29).
  11. ^ Council for German orthography (ed.): German orthography. Rules and dictionary . Edited version of the official regulations 2017. Mannheim 2018, Section C.0. (2) ( Regulations [PDF; 936 kB ; accessed on March 23, 2018]).
  12. ^ Council for German orthography (ed.): German orthography. Rules and dictionary . Edited version of the official regulations 2017. Mannheim 2018, Section C.0. (2) ( Regulations [PDF; 936 kB ; accessed on March 23, 2018]).