culture shock

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culture shock

The term culture shock describes the shock-like emotional state that people can fall into when they encounter a foreign culture . The term was introduced by the American anthropologist Cora DuBois in 1951 . Kalervo Oberg expanded this term to apply it more generally and introduced a theory based on four phases ("honeymoon phase", crisis, recovery and adaptation). Oberg's theory was later visualized using the U-model by the Norwegian sociologist Sverre Lysgaard (1955), which was expanded to include the W-model (1963) by the American psychologists John T. and Jeanne E. Gullahorn.

The term culture shock describes, on the one hand, the sudden fall from euphoria into the feeling of being out of place (point in time). On the other hand, Oberg also uses the word for the entire process of the cultural crisis that a member of one culture can go through when settling in another culture (duration).

Today, culture shock is also an aspect of the study of intercultural communication, and the avoidance or mitigation of culture shock is a goal of intercultural learning .

Symptoms Taft (1977)

  1. Stress due to the burden of providing the necessary psychological adjustment services;
  2. a sense of loss about friends, status, job, and possessions;
  3. a feeling of rejection from feeling rejected by members of the new culture or rejecting them yourself;
  4. Confusion about one's own role, about the role expectations of others, about values, about one's own feelings and one's own identity;
  5. Surprise, fear and indignation after realizing the full extent of cultural differences;
  6. Feeling of powerlessness because you think you cannot cope with the new environment.

U model

This model does not describe the punctual shock, but the longer lasting one (occasionally over several months). Time runs on the horizontal axis and well-being is shown on the vertical axis. "U" describes the graphic form that the curve can assume.

Honeymoon phase

During this time the differences between the old and the new culture are seen in a romantic light - wonderful and new. For example, if someone moves to another country, they enjoy the foreign food, the different architecture and the way people live. In the first few weeks most people are fascinated by the new culture. A phase of observation that is full of new discoveries.

crisis

One notices what is not so ideal in the "new" culture and one often makes mistakes. The ( ethnocentric ) thought “it is better done at home” is typical . Linguistic barriers and a lack of knowledge often play a role.

recreation

You develop an understanding of the behavior that deviates from your home culture and try to understand them.

Adaptation

The person has integrated into the new culture, they understand the culture and in some cases even adopt behavioral characteristics from the foreign culture.

W model

With the so-called W model, the U model is expanded to include a further phase, namely the phase of returning to one's own culture. Since this can run in a similar way to the first section, here two U-models lie one behind the other, or (due to the graphic similarity) the W-model. To differentiate the shock that can arise when returning home from the shock in the foreign culture , the former is called self-culture shock .

Self-culture shock

The phenomenon of self-culture-shocks (also reverse culture shock , reverse culture shock , re-entry shock ) describes the phenomenon of a culture shock when returning from a foreign culture in their own home. This can be more severe than when entering the foreign culture, since the need to reintegrate into one's own culture is usually a highly unexpected psychological experience.

Psychodynamic Considerations

Salman Akhtar described the identity development in migration as the third individuation . He counts the separation from the mother as the first phase of separation-individuation as Margret Mahler described it. This phase is followed by a second individuation process in adolescence . Migration requires a new organization of one's own identity in the sense of a third individuation. Akhtar sees a phenomenological similarity between the migration and the two previous phases, even if adult migrants have already completed essential steps in their psychological development. In this psychological process, parent images would be transferred to both the home and the receiving culture. Just like the alternating idealization of the maternal and paternal object , the home and reception culture would alternately be idealized until a more realistic, ambivalent attitude towards both cultures could be adopted instead of idealization. A development task is to regulate one's own closeness and distance to cultures.

ICD-10 classification

Classification according to ICD-10
F43.2 Adjustment disorders
Z60.3 Difficulties in getting used to the culture
ICD-10 online (WHO version 2019)

During the critical adjustment phase, migrants are more vulnerable to mental illness. There are several ways to code culture shock according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) :

  • Under Q43.2, “culture shock” is explicitly mentioned as a possible trigger for an adjustment disorder.
  • Difficulties in getting used to the culture are classified under Z60.

According to Assion 2005, depression, psychosomatic complaints and post-traumatic stress reactions were observed more frequently in connection with migration. In the case of schizophrenia, intellectual disabilities and dementia, migration influences the development, course and treatment options.

Related topics

literature

  • Kalervo Oberg: Cultural Shock: Adjustment to New Cultural Environments. In: Practical Anthropology 7/4 1960, pp. 177-182. Reprint in: Curare 29/2 + 3 2006, pp. 142–146.
  • Hanne Chen (ed.), Henrik Jäger: KulturSchock: Seeing with different eyes. Living in foreign cultures. Reise-Know-How Verlag Peter Rump 2002. ISBN 3-8317-1109-7 .
  • Martin Woesler: A new model of cross-cultural communication - critically reviewing, combining and further developing the basic models of Permutter. Yoshikawa, Hall, Hofstede, Thomas, Hallpike, and the social-constructivism, Berlin et al .: Europäische Universitätsverlag, 2nd edition 2009 (1st edition 2006), series Comparative Cultural Science, vol. 1, ISBN 978-3-89966-341-9 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Edward Dutton: The Significance of British Columbia to the Origins of the Concept of "Culture Shock" . In: BC Studies . No. 171 , 2011, p. 113 .
  2. ↑ Gundula Ganter: Reintegration . In: Job Satisfaction of Expatriates: Designing Foreign Postings to China and Korea Professionally . 1st edition. Gabler, Wiesbaden 2009, ISBN 978-3-8349-1669-3 , pp. 28 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  3. ↑ Carolin Eckert: Knowledge transfer in the international posting process. An empirical analysis of the expatriate's role as a knowledge transfer agent . Gabler, Wiesbaden 2010, ISBN 978-3-8349-2075-1 , pp. 28 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  4. ↑ John T. Gullahorn, Jeanne E. Gullahorn: An extension of the U-Curve Hypothesis1 . In: Journal of Social Issues . tape 19 , no. 3 , 1963, ISSN  1540-4560 , pp. 33-47 , doi : 10.1111 / j.1540-4560.1963.tb00447.x ( wiley.com [accessed October 1, 2019]).
  5. ↑ Office of International Programs, Understanding Culture Shock ( Memento of October 9, 2008 in the Internet Archive ), last accessed on August 22, 2008 (English)
  6. ^ Woesler, Martin: A new model of cross-cultural communication, Berlin 2009, p. 31
  7. ^ S. Akhtar: A third individuation: immigration, identity, and the psychoanalytic process . In: Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association . tape 43 , no. 4 , 1995, ISSN  0003-0651 , pp. 1051-1084 , doi : 10.1177 / 000306519504300406 , PMID 8926325 .
  8. ↑ a b c Yesim Erim: Clinical Intercultural Psychotherapy: A Text and Practice Book . W. Kohlhammer Verlag, 2009, ISBN 978-3-17-020849-0 , pp. 27 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  9. ↑ a b Wolfgang Senf, Michael Broda: Practice of Psychotherapy: An integrative textbook . Georg Thieme Verlag, 2011, ISBN 978-3-13-158545-5 , p. 640–641 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  10. ↑ The migration process . In: HJ Möller, H. -P. Kapfhammer, G. Laux (Ed.): Psychiatry and Psychotherapy . 3. Edition. Springer, 2008, p.  337 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  11. ↑ Sulzki: Psychological phases of migration and their effects . In: T. Hegemann & R. Salman (eds.): Transcultural Psychiatry. Concepts for working with people from other cultures . Psychiatrieverlag, Bonn 2001, p. 101-115 .
  12. ↑ Bernd Graubner: ICD-10-GM 2012 Alphabetical Directory . Ed .: German Institute for Medical Documentation and Information. Deutscher Ärzteverlag, Cologne 2012, ISBN 978-3-7691-3481-0 , p. 635 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  13. ^ A b Hans-Jörg Assion: Migration and mental health . Springer, Heidelberg 2006, ISBN 3-540-20218-8 , pp. 133–144 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  14. ^ A b Christian Hofmeister: Does migration have an impact on mental health? Diplomica, Hamburg 2014, ISBN 978-3-8428-8015-3 , p. 25 ( limited preview in Google Book search).

Web links

Wiktionary: Kulturschock  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations