Kuva-yi İnzibatiye

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The Kuva-yi Inzibatiye ( Ottoman قوا انضباطيّه İA Kuvâ-i İnzibâtiyye , German for 'order forces ' ), also often called Hilâfet Ordusu (Army of the Caliphate) in Turkey , was an army established by the Ottoman government in 1920 . Its task was to smash the Ankara national movement under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk .

Law enforcement soldiers

It was brought into being on April 18, 1920 by the Grand Vizier Damat Ferid and was intended to weaken the riot-ridden counter-government in Ankara. The Kuva-yi Inzibatiye was led by Süleyman Şefik Pasha , Ahmet Anzavur and Ali Nadir Pasha . However, Süleyman Şefik Pasha resigned from his post after just 12 days. The command was taken over by Anzavur of Circassian origin, who had already gained combat experience against the Kemalist militias in Western Anatolia. So he had fought with his militias against the pro-Hemalist Çerkez Ethem and had to withdraw. The Ottoman government integrated him into the caliphate army and appointed himPasha . He called his irregular troops Kuva-yi Muhammediye (Armed Forces of Muhammad ) and the Hilâfet Ordusu (Army of the Caliphate) provided by the Ottoman government . After a few weeks he should break his leg and become incapable of command.

Their strength is estimated at two to three regiments, so up to 2,000-4,000 men. These were stationed in İzmit . The morale of the troops, however, was weak, the manpower was insufficient for an effective attack and the help from the British was only half-hearted. However, their stationing in Izmit cut off an important supply route for the national government in Ankara, which was dependent on help from occupied Istanbul . Military skirmishes broke out around Izmit, where the Kuva-yi Inzibatiye were crushed and withdrew to Istanbul while persecuted by Kemalist forces. These were pushed back from the vicinity of Istanbul with the help of British troops. The army was subsequently disbanded on June 26, 1920.

After the victory of the national movement, seven officers of the caliphate army were hanged. Anzavur was killed by Kemalist militias in 1921 in a battle near Biga . After the proclamation of the Turkish Republic, Süleyman Şefik Pasha was banished from Turkey as a persona non grata along with others because of his membership in this army .

Individual evidence

  1. Erik J. Zürcher: Turkey: A Modern History, Revised Edition , IBTauris, 2004, p. 152.
  2. Hakan Özoğlu: From Caliphate to Secular State: Power Struggle in the Early Turkish Republic , ABC-CLIO, 2011, p. 42.
  3. ^ Gareth Jenkins: Political Islam in Turkey , Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, p. 87 books.google.de .