Noise map

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

With a noise map (also known as a sound immission plan ), the ambient noise is shown on maps or site plans. They are an instrument of area-related immission control and serve as a basis for noise abatement for urban planning and for visualizing the noise values ​​when building new traffic structures or facilities. Noise maps are created both to represent the current noise situation and to forecast and consider alternative noise reduction measures in planning processes.

history

The protection zones to be defined in accordance with the Law on Protection against Aircraft Noise of 1971 (FluLärmG) were based in principle on noise maps, although mostly only the lines of the same sound level were shown. The first noise protection area established in accordance with Section 4 (1) FluLärmG concerned the Düsseldorf-Lohausen airport .

In 1991, DIN 18005 specified hatchings (black and white patterns) and colors or codes for colors for the display in 5 dB steps, which in the meantime no longer meet today's requirements. Other colors are also used depending on the intended use. DIN 45682 (noise immission plans) also contains information on representation.

Since noise maps are used to visualize the level distribution from a sound source ( emission point ) to the receiving location ( immission point ), they can also be used to control sound level measurements. Noise maps became of central importance with the implementation of Directive 2002/49 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of June 25, 2002 on the assessment and control of environmental noise ("EU Environmental Noise Directive") through the Noise Mapping Ordinance (34th BImschV ) of March 6, 2006. In accordance with Section 47c (1) of the Federal Immission Control Act (BImschG), noise maps are drawn up every five years. The first mapping round started in 2007. Vertical noise maps (section or profile noise maps) are used to illustrate the noise distribution in sections of the terrain or on buildings.

Noise maps play an important role in the settlement or expansion of commercial and industrial companies or the underlying approval process as well as in urban land-use planning . On the basis of a site plan, newly constructed buildings or changes and the impact on the environment are shown in color. These noise maps serve everyone involved in the planning, including the “non-experts”, as an aid to decision-making.

The development of noise maps is usually based on two-dimensional plans. Since the sound spreads spatially, individual objects such as houses, walls, elevations and bridges play a decisive role in the calculation. Today there is software that displays models in 3D and can therefore calculate the noise maps realistically. According to the Environmental Noise Directive, the propagation of the noise should be shown at a height of 4 meters. However, this is not sufficient for individual construction projects, so that the plans are shown at different heights depending on the building.

Elaboration and calculation method

Legal bases

Noise maps represent so-called noise indices for the day, evening and night hours (continuous sound level in decibels ). The calculation methods for the noise indices must correspond to the generally recognized rules of technology . The noise index defined in Section 2, Paragraph 2 of the 34th BImschV is specified using calculation methods published in the Federal Gazette ( Section 5, Paragraph 1 of the 34th BImschV).

content

Noise maps exist according to Section 4 (4) of the 34th BImschV

  1. a graphical representation of the noise situation with isophone bands
  2. a graphical representation of the exceedance of a value, which, if exceeded, noise protection measures are considered or introduced,
  3. Tabular information about the estimated number of people living in areas that are within the isophone bands according to number 1
  4. a general description of the main sources of noise according to location, size and traffic volume,
  5. a description of the environment: metropolitan areas (location, size, population), cities, villages, rural or non-rural areas, land use, other main sources of noise,
  6. Information on implemented and ongoing noise action plans and noise protection programs,
  7. a tabular information on noise-polluted areas and the estimated number of apartments, schools and hospitals in these areas and
  8. Information on the authorities responsible for the noise mapping.

Practical implementation

Nowadays, the sound levels are determined on the basis of measurements and also mathematically with special noise calculation programs. Noise maps are obtained, for example, if the calculated values ​​are distributed over an area in an examination room, so that iso-lines and areas can then be formed using the same intervals. Most often, both the support points for the calculation and the results are arranged in a grid, for example with a constant grid spacing of 10 m. A generation of the noise maps from the meshing of spatially arbitrarily distributed support points is also possible. Noise maps for large cities or metropolitan areas can be very computationally intensive with a fine grid and are usually carried out with computer networks ( distributed computing ). According to the Ordinance on Noise Mapping , which was issued in Germany in connection with the Environmental Noise Directive in 2006, grids of 50 m × 50 m and an interval of 5 dB should be used.

Since the colors on monitors and printers cannot be displayed uniformly due to the different effects depending on the lighting, the following table in accordance with DIN 18005 can only be an approximation. The RGB color code is displayed when the mouse pointer is moved over the "Color sample" field.

Color sample RAL value level
6019 <= 35 dB
6018 > 35 dB
6016 > 40 dB
1016 > 45 dB
1011 > 50 dB
2003 > 55 dB
3020 > 60 dB
3003 > 65 dB
4006 > 70 dB
5012 > 75 dB
5019 > 80 dB

For various reasons, the German ordinance on noise mapping only requires displays from a value of 50 dB at night (10 p.m. to 6 a.m.) and from 55 dB over 24 hours.

Evaluation of the noise maps

The results can be further evaluated statistically or re-scaled into concerns. A very clear representation of conflict areas is obtained if the spatial distribution of the people affected by noise is shown or if “hotspots” are formed by superimposing noise from different sound sources (e.g. rail traffic and road traffic). With differential noise maps, before and after comparisons or the effects of noise protection measures can be visualized.

Noise maps are made available to both the competent authorities and the public ( § 6 , § 7 of the 34th BImschV).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ DIN 45682 noise emission plans
  2. ↑ Ordinance on the determination of the noise protection area for the Düsseldorf Airport of March 4, 1974, Federal Law Gazette I p. 657
  3. ↑ Beate Weninger: Noise maps for public participation - analysis and improvement of selected aspects of the cartographic design , Hamburg 2015
  4. ↑ OJ. EC No. L 189/12 of July 18, 2002
  5. ↑ Federal Gazette of August 17, 2006 Announcement of the preliminary calculation procedure for environmental noise in accordance with Section 5, Paragraph 1 of the Noise Mapping Ordinance (34th BImSchV) of May 22, 2006
  6. ↑ cf. Federal Railway Authority : Noise mapping website with links to download noise maps, accessed on November 25, 2019
  7. ↑ Interactive noise map of the city of Augsburg , accessed on November 25, 2019
  8. ↑ a b Frank M. Rauch: Priorities in Noise Action Plans , Journal for Immission Control , Issue 2/2018
  9. ↑ 34.BImSchV § 4 paragraph 4 No. 1 and § 5 paragraph 3
  10. ↑ http://www.farb-tabelle.de/de/rgb2hex.htm
  11. ↑ 34.BImSchV § 4 Paragraph 4 No. 1

literature

  • Austrian planning guidelines for noise protection
  • Noise protection planning guide
  • DIN 18005-2, date of issue: 1991-09. Noise protection in urban development; Noise maps; Map representation of noise immissions
  • DIN 45682, issue date: 2002-09. Noise immission plans

Web links

Commons : Noise Maps  - collection of images, videos and audio files