Marmarica
The Marmarica ( Greek Μαρμαρική Marmarike ) is an ancient landscape on the north coast of Africa between Egypt and Kyrenaia .
The inhabitants were called Marmaridai (Latin Marmaridae ). According to Pseudo-Skylax , their settlement area extended westward from Apis in Egypt. According to Ptolemy, however, the Marmarica (which he calls Nomos ) extends from Darnis (today's Darna in Libya ) in the west to Petra Megale (today's Bardia , which is almost on today's Egyptian-Libyan border) in the east. In the Antonini Itinerary , the western border runs west of Limniade and Darnis.
According to Florus , the Marmaridai were subjected to Roman influence at the turn of the time by Publius Sulpicius Quirinius in the course of the campaign against the Garamanten .
It initially belonged to the province of Creta et Cyrene . The less reliable Historia Augusta reports of successful battles of the Probus against the Marmaridai , whereby Tenagino Probus , at that time Praefectus Aegypti , and not the later Roman emperor Probus , should be meant.
Under Diocletian , in late antiquity, the area was also known as Libya inferior or Libya Sicca , in contrast to Kyrenaia, which is called Libya superior . It was now combined with the Libyan nomos (the Egyptian provincial division). The capital of this province was initially Paraitonion ( Marsa Matruh ), later Darna . At the turn of the 4th and 5th centuries, Libyan tribes invaded the area. Justinian's efforts to restore old defenses and build new ones led to the temporary security of Marmarica.
In 643 the Marmarica was conquered by Arabs in the course of the Islamic expansion .
literature
- Werner Huss: Marmarica. In: The New Pauly (DNP). Volume 7, Metzler, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-476-01477-0 , column 926 f.
- Hermann Kees: Marmarica. In: Paulys Realencyclopadie der classischen Antiquity Science (RE). Volume XIV, 2, Stuttgart 1930, Sp. 1881-1883.
- Linda Hulin: Western Marmarica Coastal Survey 2009: preliminary report . In: Libyan Studies 40, 2009, pp. 95-103.
- Linda Hulin, J. Timby, AM Muftah - G. Mutri: Western Marmarica Coastal Survey 2010: preliminary report . In: Libyan Studies 41, 2010, pp. 155–162
- Anna-Katharina Rieger: Archeology of an arid space - the structuring of a resource-poor landscape by humans using the example of ancient Marmarica (Northwest Egypt). In: Roxana Kath, Anna-Katharina Rieger (Ed.): Space, Landscape, Territory. For the construction of physical spaces as nomadic and sedentary living space. Reichert, Wiesbaden 2009, pp. 71-99.
- Anna-Katharina Rieger, Thomas Vetter, Heike Möller: The Desert Dwellers of the Marmarica (Western Desert) as a Case Study for the Eastern Desert (?) , In: Hans Barnard, Kim Duistermaat (eds.): The History of the Peoples of the Eastern Desert . Cotsen Institute of Archeology Press, Los Angeles 2012, pp. 156-173
- Anna-Katharina Rieger, Heike Möller: Libyan Desert Ware - news shell tempered and other hand made pottery from eastern Marmarica . In: Libyan Studies 43, 2012, pp. 11–31.
- Thomas Vetter, Anna-Katharina Rieger, Alexander Nicolay: Ancient rainwater harvesting system in the north-eastern Marmarica (north-western Egypt) . In: Libyan Studies 40, 2009, pp. 9-23
- Thomas Vetter, Anna-Katharina Rieger, Heike Möller: Water, Routes and Rangelands: Ancient Traffic and Grazing Infrastructure in the Eastern Marmarica (Northwestern Egypt) , in: Heiko Riemer, Frank Förster (ed.): Desert Road Archeology (= Africa Praehistorica 26). Cologne 2013, pp. 455–484
- Donald White: Marsa Matruh I: The Excavation . The University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archeology and Anthropology's Excavation on Bates's Island, Marsa Matruh, Egypt 1985–1989. Prehistory Monographs 1, The Institute for Aegean Prehistory Academic Press, Philadelphia 2002.
- Donald White: Marsa Matruh II: The Objects . The University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archeology and Anthropology's Excavation on Bates's Island, Marsa Matruh, Egypt 1985–1989. Prehistory Monographs 2, The Institute for Aegean Prehistory Academic Press, Philadelphia 2002.