Gau (Egypt)
Gau in hieroglyphics | |||
---|---|---|---|
Old empire |
Sepat Sp3t Gau / District |
||
Greek | Nomos | ||
The 22 Upper Egyptian Gaue |
In ancient Egypt, the Gaue were administrative districts along the Nile that were valid for thousands of years and encompassed the entire heartland. It is the translation of the Greek word nomos , which was used in ancient sources for the ancient Egyptian administrative units.
Emergence
The districts arose from local principalities of the Neolithic . In the Old Kingdom there were still 38 districts, which were later supplemented by four more. In the course of Egypt's long history, the Gaue and their rulers ( Gaufürsten ) were more or less independent of the central power of the king ( Pharaoh ). The texts of the diagonal star clocks show that each of the deans symbolized an ancient Egyptian district and that the deity of the respective dean was assigned to a district.
meaning
The amalgamation of families, hordes and tribes to form Gau had a decisive influence on the formation of the faith, first for the lower spirits and demons, later also for the deities. Almost every Gau had its own coat of arms in the form of a standard and a local deity with its own myth , which was especially venerated and granted its protection.
The oldest preserved " Gauliste " is at the " White Chapel " of Sesostris I in Karnak .
In Greco-Roman times , the old district division was essentially retained. Each Gau (Nomos) was subordinate to a strategist . The Fayum as Nomos Arsinoites was added as further administrative districts , which was divided into the four sub-areas (Meris) of Herakleides, Themistus, Polemon and the capital Arsinoe. In addition, in the western desert the districts Oasis Magna ( Charga and Dachla ), Oasis Parva ( Bahariyya ) and Ammoniake ( Oasis Siwa ), and in the east Sinai and Ethiopia on the Red Sea. Alexandria was an independent district outside the Gaus system.
Upper Egyptian district
No | Surname | Nomos | description | Capital today (ancient; greek) |
Local / Gauge gods |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Ta-seti | Gau of the ( Nubian ) Bogenland |
Aswan (Suenet / Jeb; Syene / Elephantine ) |
Khnum , Satet (Sopdet), Anuket , Isis , Nephthys , Horus , Osiris , Seth | |
2 | Wetjes-Hor | Apollonopolites | Horus-Thron-Gau, Falkengau |
Edfu (Behdet / Mesen / Saboet; Apollonopolis Magna) |
Behdeti |
3 | Nechen | Latopolites | Festungsgau, Landeplatz-Gau | Elkab / Kom el-Ahmar (Nechab / Nechen; Hierakonpolis ) |
Nechbet , Khnum |
4th | Waset | Pathyrites / Peri Thebas | Gau of the what scepter |
Armant + Theben (Iunu-shema + Waset; Hermontis + Thebai) |
Month , Amun , Amun-Re , Amun-Min, Amun-Atum, Amun-Chepre, Mut , Chons , Hathor , Buchis |
5 | Netjerui | Ombites / Coptites | Zwei-Falken-Gau, Gau of the two gentlemen |
Koptos / Quift (Nybt / Gebtu; Ombos / Koptos ) |
Seth , min |
6th | Iqer | Tentyrites | Krokodilgau |
Dendera (Onet; Tentyra) |
Hathor , Ihi , Sobek , Harsomtus |
7th | Bat | Diospolites Mikros | Gau of the female soul |
Nag Hammadi (Hu / Hiw; Disospolis mikra) |
Hathor , Bat |
8th | Ta-who | Thinites | Gau " oldest country " |
Girga / Abydos (Tine / Abdu; Thinis / Abydos) |
Anhuret (Onuris, Schu ), Osiris , Chontamenti , Upuaut |
9 | Menu | Panopolites | Min-Gau, Gau of the good soul |
Achmim (Ipu / Chenet Min; Panopolis) |
Min , Iunmutef , Horus of Chemmis |
10 | Wadjit | Aphroditopolites / Apollonopolites | Schlangengau |
Qaw el-Kebir / el-Badari (Tjebu; Antaeopolis) |
Wadjet , Nemti , Seth , Mahes |
11 | Scha | Hypselites | Seth-Tier-Gau | Shutb (Schas-hotep; Hypselis) |
Seth , Horus |
12 | Atfet | Antaiopolites | Mountain Viper Gau | El-Atawlah (Per-antj; Hierakon) |
Nemti |
13 | Nedjefet-Chentet | Lykopolites | front sycamore valley |
Assiut (Saut / Siut, Ja-Kemet; Lykonpolis) |
Upuaut , Chontamenti , Osiris |
14th | Nedjefet-pehetet | rear sycamore valley |
Meir (Qis; Cusae) |
Hathor | |
15th | Wenet | Hermopolites | Hasengau |
El-Aschmunein (Wenu, Chemen / Chmunu; Hermopolis Magna ) |
Thoth , Seschat , Imi-schemenu , Unut , the " Eightness of Hermopolis " |
16 | Ma-hedj | Antilopengau , Gazellengau | south. Minia located ( Hebenu , Herwer , Neferusi , Menat-Khufu ) |
Hebenu , Pachet , Khnum , Horus | |
17th | Input | Kynopolites | Schakalgau, Hundsgau |
Minia (Henu, Hardai; Kynopolis) |
Anubis |
18th | Nemti , Per-Nemti | Falkengau (Nemti falcon) | Kom el-Ahmar Sawaris | Dunanui , Nemti | |
19th | Wabui | Oxyrhynchites | Wabu scepter, double scepter Gau | Bahnasa / Beni Mazar (Per Medjet; Oxyrhynchos ) |
Seth |
20th | Noret-chentet | Herakleopolites | front Baumgau, Oleanderbaumgau, Naretbaumgau | Ehnasya (Ht-nen Nesut / Hnês; Herakleopolis ) |
Herischef |
21st | Noret-pehet | rear Baumgau, Oleanderbaumgau, Naretbaumgau |
Fayyum (Schedet; Arsinoe / Krokodilopolis) |
Sobek (Maga), Sobek-Horus | |
22nd | Medenite | Aphroditopolites | Messergau |
Atfih (Per-nebet-tep-ichu; Aphroditopolis) |
Hathor |
Lower Egyptian districts
No | Surname | Nomos | description | Capital today (ancient; greek) |
Place / Gaugötter |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Inbu-hedj | Memphites | "White Wall" | With Rahine (Men nefer, possibly Hot-Ka-Ptah; Memphis ) |
Ptah , Ptah- Tatenen , Ptah- Sokar , Ptah- Nun , Apis ( Hapi ), Sekhmet , Nefertem , Imhotep , Hathor |
2 | Chepesch | Letopolites | Iua / Iwa / Iwo, Schenkelgau | Ausim ( Letopolis , Chem, Sechem) | Cherti |
3 | Imentet | Gynaikopolites | Westgau |
Kom el-Hisn (Jamu; -) |
Hathor |
4th | Neret-reset , southern Neret district | Prosopitis | united with the 5th district until the late period |
Sais (Saw, Sau; Prospopites) |
Neith , Behdeti , Osiris |
5 | Neret-mehetet , northern Neret district | String | united with 4th district until the late period | Sais (Saw, Sau; Prospopites) |
Neith , Behdeti , Osiris |
6th | Chasuu | Xoites | Bergstiergau | Sacha (Pe / Dep, Per Uto; Buto ) |
Uto , Re |
7th | Wa-em-Huu-ges-imenti | Menelaites / Metelites | western Harpunengau | Ha | |
8th | Wa-em-Huu-ges-iabti | Heroopolites | eastern Harpunengau |
Tjeku ( Per Atum ; Hebrew Pitom) |
Atum , Osiris |
9 | Anedjti | Bousirites |
Abu Sir Bana (Per Osiris / Anedjti; Busirites, Busiris) |
Osiris , Isis | |
10 | Kemwer | Athribites | Great Black Bull Gau | Kom El-Atrib (Kem-wer; Athribis ) |
Chentechtai |
11 | Hesbu | Leontopolites | Gau of the bull counted |
Tell el-Muqdam (-; Leontopolis) |
Shu , Tefnut , Mahes |
12 | Tjeb-netjer | Sebennytes | Gau of the divine calf | Samanud (Tep-netjer; Sebennytos ) |
Isis , Schu , Onuris |
13 | Gau of the intact scepter | Heliopolites | El-Mataria (Iunu / On; Heliopolis ) |
Atum , Re , Re-Harachte , Mer-wer (black Mnevis bull), Hathor , Benu , Thoth | |
14th | Ostgau | Sethroites | Gau of the eastern vase stand |
Tanis (Tanis, Buto, Saru; Papremis) |
Horus , Uto , Seth |
15th | Ibisgau | Baklije (Wenu; Hermopolis) |
Thoth , respect from Hermopolis | ||
16 | Hat-Mehit Gau | Mendesios | Fischgau | Tell Roba (Anpet and Dedet; Thmuis and Mendes ) |
Hatmehit , Ba- Aries from Mendes |
17th | Gau Sema-behedet | Diospolites Kato | Throngau |
Northern Behdet (Pa-ju-en-Amun; Island of Amun , also Waset-mehu ; Thebes in Lower Egypt ) |
Behdeti |
18th | front Königskind Gau | Boubastites |
Bubastis (-; Bubastites) |
Bastet , Nefertem | |
19th | rear Königskind district | Tanites |
Tanis (Imet; Tanis) |
Dja'net (-; Leontopolis Tanis) |
Wadjet |
20th | Per-Sopdu-Gau | Arabia | Juice el-Henna (Phakusa, Fakus) | Sopdu |
literature
- Hans-Christian Dirscherl: The Gaustratege in Roman Egypt. His tasks using the example of archives, finance, land and liturgies. Emergence, consolidation, decline? 30 BC - 300 AD (= Pharos. Studies on Greco-Roman Antiquity. Volume 16). Scripta-Mercaturae-Verlag, St. Katharinen 2004, ISBN 3-89590-131-8 (also: Regensburg, Univ., Diss., 2000).
- Henri Gauthier: Les nomes d'Égypte depuis Hérodote jusqua'à la conquête arabe (= Mémoires de l'Institut d'Egypte. Volume 25, ZDB -ID 447998-1 ). Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale, Cairo 1935.
- Wolfgang Helck : The ancient Egyptian Gaue (= Tübingen Atlas of the Middle East. Supplements: Series B: Geisteswissenschaften. Volume 5). Reichert, Wiesbaden 1974, ISBN 3-920153-27-8 .
- Eva Martin-Pardey: Investigations into the Egyptian provincial administration up to the end of the Old Kingdom (= Hildesheimer Ägyptologische contributions. Volume 1). Hildesheim 1976.
- Eva Martin-Pardey: nome structure. In: Kathryn A. Bard (Ed.): Encyclopedia of the Archeology of Ancient Egypt. Routledge, London 1999, ISBN 0-415-18589-0 , pp. 573-74.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Rainer Hannig : Large Concise Dictionary Egyptian-German. (2800–950 BC) (= cultural history of the ancient world . Volume 64 = Hannig-Lexica. Volume 1). Marburger Edition, 4th revised edition, von Zabern, Mainz 2006, ISBN 3-8053-1771-9 , p. 749.
- ↑ Included the old Gaue 14 and 16.
- ↑ Included the old Gau 18.
- ↑ Including the old Lower Egyptian Gau 21.
- ↑ Included the old Gau 15.