Limax dacampi
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Limax dacampi |
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| Menegazzi , 1855 |
Limax dacampi (according to other authors Limax dacampoi ) is a nudibranch species from the family of snails (Limacidae) in the subordination of land snails (Stylommatophora). In the current scope it is a somewhat problematic taxon, it is more likely a species complex of closely related species. The species was only recently found again at the Locus typicus near Garda ( Lake Garda , Italy) and its copulation behavior was documented.
features
Limax dacampi is stretched out to about 20 cm long. The body is reddish in color with two black bands along the center line or with dark spots on the back. The mantle shield is clearly darker with concentric fine furrows; it takes up about ¼ of the body length. The breathing hole is in the back half of the mantle shield; it has a darker outline. The front and rear ends of the jacket shield taper off in a wedge shape. The rear end of the body is also wedge-shaped with a weak keel. The sole, which is divided into three parts in the longitudinal direction, has a whitish middle field and gray side fields. The head and antennae are colored gray.
Similar species
Andrzej Wiktor considered the taxon in his comprehensive work The Polish Nudibranchs as the younger synonym of the black snail ( Limax cinereoniger ), a view that he maintained with a question mark in 1996. The three-part sole of the foot is very similar in both species. The copulation behavior of Limax dacampi , on the other hand, is basically comparable to that of the tiger's knuckle ( Limax maximus ), but also shows its own components. This species has a plain, light sole. Thus, limax dacampi definitely not a synonym of Limax cinereoniger and not of Limax maximus , but a separate species.
Geographical distribution and habitat
According to the previous (broad) conception of the species, the distribution area extends across northern Italy and into southern Switzerland (southern part of the canton of Ticino).
The species has been found in a number of habitats. It lives in damp and shady forests and bushland.
Way of life
Little is known about the way of life. The copulation behavior at the Typicus locus was recently documented, which contained some surprising components.
After an animal that is ready to mate is chased for up to an hour by another, the foreplay begins with the wrapping of the body and the formation of a mucous stain (duration about 11 minutes). The partners lick each other intensively and the embrace becomes tighter. Then the mouth parts touch like a kiss (“il bacio”) (duration about 10 minutes). The genital fields bulge and touch. The sperm mass (wheat-grain-like, compact mass, also called spermatophores) is visible in the genital opening even before the penes protrude (duration about 5 minutes). The intertwined bodies detach themselves from the base with twisting movements and further secretion of mucus and a strong thread of mucus up to about 20 cm long is formed on which the two partners now hang upside down. Only a few minutes later the penes are everted simultaneously, the spermatophores (one each) are already near the tips of the penes. The penes are spiraling around each other in the lower part. The bases of the penis are relatively far apart. They are at an acute angle to each other up to the point of wrapping. The blue hemolymph pushes the spermatophores further into the tips and the so-called penis ridges are unfolded; they are initially still created. The lower part of the penis shortens slightly and appears to thicken into a pear shape. The penis combs now fully unfold and stand out; they give the structure a lamp shape ("hat stage"). Everything happens in a few minutes. Now the exchange of the sperm packages begins, they are attached to glandular fields on the penis of the other animal. This takes less than ten minutes. Then the separation and retraction of the penes begins. The sperm packets are everted into the penis and pulled back into the genital opening with the penes. The wrapping of the animals is loosened and there is an aftermath of about 10 minutes, during which the partners lick each other intensely and touch each other with the mouth parts like a kiss. Only then do the animals finally separate and move away from each other.
Gerhardt (1944) eliminated four different basic types of copulation in the Limax genus ; Surprisingly, the main features of the copulation behavior correspond to type IV (= maximus type). Surprising because Limax dacampi used to be seen as a synonym for the black snail ( Limax cinereoniger ). B. Wiktor (1973) and also Wiktor (1996). The copulation on a thread of mucus, the sperm packets already near the tip of the penes when the penes protrude, and the formation of a "hat stage" with erect and splayed penis combs shortly before the sperm packets are exchanged are in agreement with the tiger's cone ( Limax maximus ).
In contrast to copulation in tiger snails, the mucus thread is shorter and not twisted, penis and penis combs have a slightly different shape and the wrapped penes also differ slightly in shape. In addition, the foreplay with kissing movements of the mouth parts ("il bacio") and the aftermath, also with kissing movements of the mouth parts, have not been observed in the tiger snail.
Taxonomy and nomenclature
The taxon was first scientifically described by Luigi Menegazzi as Limax Dacampi ( Limax Da-Campii on p. 62 and on table 2, table explanation). The date of the first publication is indicated differently in the relevant works, mostly 1854 or 1855. After the (additional) title Rapporto letto nella tornata del 14 September 1854, Luigi Menegazzi presented the work at the meeting of the Academy on September 14, 1854. The work of L. Menegazzi appeared in printed form in the 32nd volume of the Memorie dell 'Accademia d' Agricoltura Commercio ed Arti di Verona ; the title page of this volume bears the year 1855 in Roman numerals. Since the presentation of a new species in oral form is not a publication in the sense of the International Rules for Zoological Nomenclature, only proof in printed form can be considered a first publication. Thus the work cannot have appeared before 1855. Even this year as the first publication is doubtful, because following the work of Menegazzi appears in this volume the report on the elections to the Accademia d'Agricoltura, Commercio ed Arti di Verona of June 1, 1856, which suggests that volume 32 is not appeared in print before June 1856. The Zoological-Botanical Association in Vienna received the work on August 6, 1856 as a gift.
Currently there are two slightly different spellings of the species name in the literature, dacampi and dacampoi . Which of these is the correct and therefore valid spelling is not easy to decide, even after interpreting the International Rules for Zoological Nomenclature to the letter. The notation dacampi is the original notation, while dacampoi is an emended notation. According to the nomenclature rules, a species name that was formed after a man is to be formed by adding the ending -i. A supposedly incorrect formation of the species name, as it is here, may / must only be corrected if a Derivatio nominis (name origin) has been expressly given. This is the case with the addition “Limace del Dacampo” after the species name. Since the species was named after Benedetto Da Campo (see also S.XV, p. 3), the correct species name is therefore dacampoi . Hesse already corrected the name in this way. Some authors and websites actually use this spelling, while AnimalBase and Fauna Europaea keep the original, uncorrected spelling. Falkner et al. (2008) even describe the spelling dacampoi as an unjustly emended name. However, they do not give any justification for this finding. Luigi Menegazzi used a second original spelling Da-Campii in the explanation for Table 2 . This spelling suggests that Menegazzi first Latinized the name Da Campo, so to Da Campius or Da Campus, and from this formed the genitive form of the species name. Then the original spelling dacampi would be a correct original spelling and should therefore be retained.
Lessona and Pollonera split the species into several subspecies and numerous varieties.
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Limax dacampi menegazzii Lessona & Pollonera
- Limax dacampi menegazzii var. Amaliae Bettoni
- Limax dacampi menegazzii var. Punctatus Lessona
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Limax dacampi renieri Lessona & Pollonera
- Limax dacampi renieri var. Atratus Bettoni
- Limax dacampi renieri var. Elegans Bettoni
- Limax dacampi renieri var. Sordellii Bettoni
- Limax dacampi renieri var. Nigricans Lessona
- Limax dacampi renieri var. Sulphureus Lessona
- Limax dacampi Renieri var. Calderinii Lessona
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Limax dacampi dacampi Menegazzi
- Limax dacampi dacampi var. Typus Bettoni
- Limax dacampi dacampi var. Trilineolatus Bettoni
- Limax dacampi dacampi var. Monolineatus Bettoni
- Limax dacampi dacampi var. Pinii Lessona & Pollonera
- Limax dacampi dacampi var. Fuscus Bettoni
- Limax dacampi dacampi var. Taccanii Pini
- Limax dacampi dacampi var. Gualterii Pini
- Limax dacampi dacampi var. Maculatus Lessona
- Limax dacampi dacampi var. Pallescens Lessona
- Limax dacampi dacampi var. Rufescens Lessona
- Limax dacampi dacampi var. Monocromus Lessona & Pollonera
- Limax dacampi dacampi var. Villae Pini
- Limax dacampi dacampi var. Turatii Pini
Some of these subspecies and varieties may be separate species (or subspecies) within the Limax dacampi species complex . This must be re-examined in the future using topotype material. Manganelli et al. (1995) only accept two subspecies, L. dacampi dacampi , the nominate subspecies and Limax dacampi cruentus Pollonera, 1880. The authors use the emended spelling dacampoi .
supporting documents
literature
- Betta, Edoardo de 1870: I molluschi terrestri e fluviatili della provincia Veronese. A complemento della malacologia di L. Menegazzi. Pp. 1-167, Verona, Vicentini & Franchini. Online Goettingen Digitization Center (p. 23)
- Bettoni, Eugenio 1871: Sul Limax Da-Campi, note malacologiche. Bullettino Malacologico Italiano, 3 (5): 161-166, Pl. 3, 4, Pisa. Online at Biodiversity Heritage Library
- Bourguignat, Jules René 1861: Note sur divers limaciens nouveaux ou peu connus. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie pure et appliquée, (2) 13: 251-263, Paris [online at Biodiversity Heritage Library] (pp. 257/8).
- Bourguignat, Jules René 1862. Les spiciléges malacologiques. SI-VII, pp.1-287, plates 1-15, Paris, Baillière. Online at Google Books (p. 25)
- Lessona, Mario & Carlo Pollonera 1882: Monografia dei limacidi italiani. Pages 1-82, plates 1-3. Turin, Loescher. Online at Biodiversity Heritage Library
- Menegazzi, Luigi 1855: Malacologia veronese. Rapporto letto nella tornata del 14 September 1854. Memorie dell 'Accademia d' Agricoltura Commercio ed Arti di Verona, 32: I-XIII, pp.1-334, plates I-II, Verona, 1855 Online at GDZ
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Falkner, Gerhard, Clemens M. Brandstetter, Daniela M. Vogt Weisenhorn & Hans-Jörg Niederhöfer 2008: Rediscovery and copulation biology of Limax dacampi Menegazzi 1855 at the locus typicus (Gastropoda: Limacidae). PDF
- ↑ a b Wiktor, Andrzej 1973: The Polish Nudibranchs. 182 p., Monograph Fauny Polski, Polska Akademia Nauk Zakład Zoologii Systematycznej i Doświadczalnej, Warsaw & Kraków. (P.69-72: under L. cinereoniger )
- ^ A b Wiktor, Andrzej 1996: The Slugs of the Former Yugoslavia (Gastropoda terrestria nuda - Arionidae, Milacidae, Limacidae, Agriolimacidae). Annales Zoologici, 46: 1-110, Warsaw ISSN 0001-6454 (p. 72: under L. cinereoniger )
- ^ Gerhardt, Ulrich 1944: Sexualbiologie und Morphologie. illustrated by two examples. Die Gestalt, Treatises on General Morphology, 17: pp.1-55, 8 plates. Halle ad Saale, Max Niemeyer.
- ↑ Menegazzi (1855: p. 63/4).
- ^ The volume of the Accademia was received on August 6, 1856
- ^ Hesse, Paul 1926: The nudibranchs of the Palaearctic region. Treatises of the Archives for Molluscology, 2 (1): 1-152, Frankfurt / M. (P. 83 and p. 135)
- ↑ minor Uschi continentali italiani
- ↑ AnimalBase - Limax dacampi
- ↑ Fauna Europaea - Limax dacampi
- ^ Lessona, Mario & Carlo Pollonera 1882: Monografia dei limacidi italiani. Pages 1-82, plates 1-3, Turin, Loescher. Online at Biodiversity Heritage Library
- ↑ Manganelli, G., Bodon, M., Favilli, L. & Giusti, F. 1995. Fascicolo 16. Gastropoda Pulmonata. In: Minelli A., Ruffo, S. & La Posta, S .: Checklist delle specie della fauna italiana. Pp. 1-60, Bologna, Ed. Calderini. ISBN 88-7019-966-5
On-line
Web links
- Molluscs of Central Europe - Limax dacampi
- Systematic mating behavior on Wirbellose.at