List of the Venus transits of the second millennium
The list of the Venus transits of the second millennium contains all Venus transits from the years 1001 to 2000 that were visible from Earth.
Overview
In the second millennium a total of 14 Venus transits occurred. The first transit took place on May 24, 1032, the last of this period on December 6, 1882. It is believed that all eight transits before 1631 were neither known nor observed. The first prediction of a transit was made by the German astronomer Johannes Kepler in 1627, but he died in 1630, a year before the next transit. The French Pierre Gassendi also failed to observe the transit of December 7, 1631, as it could not be seen from his observation location in Paris . The first observation of a calculated transit took place on December 4, 1639. Jeremiah Horrocks observed the transit he had calculated in Lancashire , but from there could only see the beginning. All later transits were precisely calculated in advance and observed through partly large-scale expeditions in order, among other things, to precisely calculate the astronomical unit . For example, James Cook made his first South Seas voyage to observe the passage of Venus in 1769, which in Europe could only be seen at sunset, in the Pacific.
A Venus transit can occur either at the ascending or descending orbit node . The ascending node transits fell in late November or early December. This form of transit occurred a total of six times. As a result, there were eight descending node transits in the second millennium, each falling in late May or early June. During a transit Venus had an average minimum distance of 9 ′ 57.0 ″ from the center of the sun. The closest transit occurred in 1153, when Venus passed the Sun at a distance of 5 '7.6 "(about five times the apparent diameter of Venus' disk) from the center. It was furthest from the center in 1631 when it passed it at a minimal angle of 15 ′ 39.3 ″.
Almost all transits of this millennium occurred in pairs, with almost eight years between the transits. After such a transit pair, there was no further Venus transit for over 100 years. However, two transits fall out of this scheme: In the Venus transits of 1153 and 1396, there was no other transit eight years before or after. Although the lower conjunctions of 1145 and 1388 would actually have fallen into the scheme of the “eight pairs”, Venus, viewed from Earth, passed above or below the solar disk during these times, so no transit could be observed from Earth .
Legend
Note: All times are given in UTC .
- Date : The date is given in the Gregorian calendar from the year 1582 , before 1582 the Julian calendar , which was in use until then, is used. For transits that extend over two days, the date of the middle of the transit (in UTC) is given.
- Beginning: The first contact of the Venus disk with the sun represents the beginning of the transit. The time (UTC) is given for all contacts
- II. Contact: On the second contact, the planet's disk is completely in front of the sun for the first time.
- Middle: The middle of the transit is the time at which the transit is closest to the center of the sun.
- III. Contact: On the third contact, the planet's disk is completely in front of the sun for the last time, after which the disk begins to exit.
- End: The end of the transit is also known as the fourth contact. Here Venus has completely stepped out of the sun.
- Minimum distance to the center: The minimum apparent distance that the disk of Venus has during the greatest transit from the center of the sun. The distance is - as usual with astronomical observations - in the apparent size , measured in angular minutes - and seconds .
- Visibility Area : The area in which the full transit was visible. In addition, the areas are named where the transit was only partially visible. It could be seen either at sunrise (only the end of the transit was visible) or at sunset (only the beginning was visible).
- Source: Names a source for the visibility area. There is a map of this area in each case. All other data comes from NASA's website (see below).
list
date | Beginning | II. Contact | center | III. Contact | The End | Minimal distance to the center |
Visibility area | source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
May 24, 1032 | 15:18 | 15:34 | 19:03 | 22:32 | 22:48 | 6 ′ 13.4 ″ |
Complete: North and Central America, Eastern Pacific, Greenland, Iceland, North Asia At sunrise: East Asia, Australia, Oceania |
|
May 22, 1040 | 10:02 | 10:29 | 12:23 | 14:18 | 14:45 | 13 ′ 11.8 ″ |
Complete: Europe, Africa, West Asia, Atlantic, West of North and South America At sunrise: Central America, East of North and South America. |
|
November 23, 1153 | 16:45 | 17:01 | 20:38 | 00:15 | 00:31 | 5 ′ 7.6 ″ |
Complete: Polynesia, South Pacific, West Coast of North America, Antarctica At sunrise: East Asia, Australia, Eastern Oceania, South Alaska. |
|
May 25, 1275 | 19:00 | 19:17 | 22:37 | 01:57 | 02:14 | 7 ′ 24.9 ″ |
Complete: Northwest America, Oceania, Northeast Asia At sunrise: South Asia, Australia, Western Oceania. |
|
May 23, 1283 | 13:04 | 13:27 | 15:44 | 18:01 | 18:25 | 12 ′ 13.6 ″ |
Complete: America, Europe, Northwest Africa At sunrise: East Pacific. |
|
November 23, 1396 | 15:43 | 16:00 | 19:25 | 22:49 | 23:06 | 7 ′ 4.3 ″ |
Complete: Central America, Western North and South America, Eastern Pacific, Antarctica At sunrise: Japan, Australia and Oceania. |
|
May 26, 1518 | 22:28 | 22:45 | 01:56 | 05:06 | 05:24 | 8 ′ 25.3 ″ |
Complete: Australia, Western Oceania, North and Central Asia, Alaska At sunrise: Europe, Eastern Africa, Western Asia |
|
May 23, 1526 | 16:13 | 16:34 | 19:11 | 21:48 | 22:08 | 11 ′ 6.7 ″ |
Complete: North and Central America, Eastern Pacific, Greenland, Iceland, North Asia At sunrise: Eastern Asia, Australia, Oceania |
|
December 7, 1631 | 03:51 | 04:59 | 05:19 | 05:40 | 06:47 | 15 ′ 39.3 ″ |
Complete: Central and South Asia, Eastern Africa, Australia, Antarctica At sunrise: Central Africa. |
|
4th December 1639 | 14:57 | 15:15 | 18:25 | 21:36 | 21:54 | 8 ′ 43.6 ″ |
Complete: Central North America, Central and South America, Antarctica At sunrise: Australia, Oceania |
|
June 6, 1761 | 02:02 | 02:20 | 05:19 | 08:18 | 08:37 | 9 ′ 30.4 ″ |
Complete: Asia, Scandinavia At sunrise: Africa, Western and Central Europe |
|
June 3, 1769 | 19:15 | 19:34 | 22:25 | 01:16 | 01:35 | 10 ′ 9.3 ″ |
Complete: North America, Oceania, Northeast Asia At sunrise: Central and South Asia, Australia |
|
December 9, 1874 | 01:49 | 02:19 | 04:07 | 05:56 | 06:26 | 13 ′ 49.9 ″ |
Complete: Southeast Asia, China, Australia, Western Pacific, Antarctica At sunrise: Africa, Central Asia, Arabia. |
|
December 6, 1882 | 13:57 | 14:17 | 17:06 | 19:55 | 20:15 | 10 ′ 37.3 ″ |
Complete: Central and South America, Eastern North America, Antarctica At sunrise: Oceania |
- Venus transits between 2001 and 3000 , see: List of Venus transits of the third millennium
Web links
- Fred Espenak: Six Millennium Catalog of Venus Transits , catalog of the Venus Transits between 2000 BC And 4000 on NASA's website
- Venus transit at the HM Nautical Almanac Office
Individual evidence
- ^ A b Peter Cattermole, Patrick Moore: Atlas of Venus . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge 1997, 1st publ., 143 pp. ISBN 0-521-49652-7 , pp. 17-18
- ^ Fred Espenak: Six Millennium Catalog of Venus Transits , accessed January 17, 2012
- ^ Transit of Venus at the HM Nautical Almanac Office, accessed on January 3, 2012
- ↑ HM Nautical Almanac Office: 1032 Transit of Venus , accessed January 3, 2012
- ↑ HM Nautical Almanac Office: 1040 Transit of Venus , accessed January 3, 2012
- ↑ HM Nautical Almanac Office: 1153 Transit of Venus , accessed January 3, 2012
- ↑ HM Nautical Almanac Office: 1275 Transit of Venus , accessed January 3, 2012
- ↑ HM Nautical Almanac Office: 1283 Transit of Venus , accessed January 3, 2012
- ^ HM Nautical Almanac Office: 1396 Transit of Venus , accessed January 3, 2012
- ↑ HM Nautical Almanac Office: 1518 Transit of Venus , accessed January 3, 2012
- ^ HM Nautical Almanac Office: 1526 Transit of Venus , accessed January 3, 2012
- ↑ HM Nautical Almanac Office: 1631 Transit of Venus , accessed January 3, 2012
- ↑ HM Nautical Almanac Office: 1639 Transit of Venus , accessed January 3, 2012
- ^ HM Nautical Almanac Office: 1761 Transit of Venus , accessed January 3, 2012
- ^ HM Nautical Almanac Office: 1769 Transit of Venus , accessed January 3, 2012
- ^ HM Nautical Almanac Office: 1874 Transit of Venus , accessed January 3, 2012
- ↑ HM Nautical Almanac Office: 1882 Transit of Venus , accessed January 3, 2012