List of former IPA marks

The list of former IPA characters contains all characters that previously belonged to the international phonetic alphabet, but have either been replaced or completely removed.

The international phonetic alphabet has been changed several times in its history . The aim of these changes was to unify, supplement or simplify phonetic transcription. Especially the revisions of 1976, 1989 and 1993 changed the phonetic spelling.

character	description	year	Replaced by	Reason for removal
ʚ	Rounded half-open central vowel	-	-	This character is a horizontally mirrored variant of the correct character ɞ and was listed in some IPA tables due to a printing error. However, it has never been officially included in the IPA.
ƞ	syllabic N	1976	n̩	This symbol, which represents the syllabic N as in hope , was removed in 1976 to make it consistent with other syllabic consonants that use diacritical marks.
ƻ ƾ	Voiced alveolar affricates Voiceless alveolar affricates	1976	ʣ ʦ	These characters were vertical ts and dz ligatures. As the horizontal ligature was preferred, these characters have been removed.
ʞ	Velar click	1979	-	This character, which looks like an upside-down k, should be used for the velar click . Linguists have found, however, that such a sound is not possible, which is why the letter was removed in 1979.
ʇ ʖ ʗ	Dental click Lateral click Alveolar click	1989	ǀ (dental click)	These click marks were included in the IPA, but never found widespread use in the science of the Khoisan languages, and these are the languages ​​that mainly use these sounds. However, these continued to use their own characters. Then these characters were replaced.
ɷ	Rounded centralized almost closed back vowel	1989	ʊ	This character, in appearance a closed Omega, was for a long time in parallel with the characters ʊ used. As a result of the standardization, the symbol was removed in 1989.
ɩ	Unrounded, centralized, almost closed front tongue vowel	1989	ɪ	This character, in appearance a Greek iota, long time was parallel to the characters ɪ used. As a result of the standardization, the symbol was removed in 1989.
ɼ	Czech ř	1989	r̝	This letter represented the sound of the Czech letter Ř , which was pronounced in the same position as the [r], but nevertheless has a different pronunciation. This letter was abolished in 1989.
ᶀ ᶁ ᶂ ᶃ ᶄ ᶅ ᶆ ᶇ ᶈ ᶉ ᶊ ʆ (ᶋ) ƫ ᶌ ᶍ ᶎ ʓ	palatalized consonants	1989	bʲ dʲ fʲ gʲ kʲ lʲ mʲ nʲ pʲ rʲ sʲ ʃʲ tʲ vʲ xʲ zʲ ʒʲ	While in the IPA the palatalization is generally indicated by the addition of a superscript J, until 1989 it was also allowed to hang palatal hooks on the consonant to indicate the palatalization. In the case of ʃ and ʒ , a loop should officially not be used, but not everywhere this rule has been followed. These letters were very common, especially in connection with the Russian language. After 1989, however, the spelling with ʲ became mandatory, which is why the characters with palatal hooks were no longer used.
ᶏ ᶐ ᶒ ᶓ ᶔ ᶕ ᶖ ᶗ ᶙ	Redicated vowels	1989	a˞ ɑ˞ e˞ ɛ˞ ɝ ɚ i˞ ɔ˞ u˞	Before 1989, retroflex hooks were attached to rhotic vowels . This changed in 1989, when a special Rhotizitätshaken was introduced, which no longer connects with the vowel (except rhotiziertem schwa [ ə ] and [ ɜ ] form the ligatures: [ ɚ ] and [ ɝ ]).
◌̫	COMBINING LETTER W BELOW	1989	◌ʷ	In the past, labialization could be indicated with both a superscript W and a combining W under the consonant. In 1989 the superscript W was approved as the only symbol.
ƥ ƭ ƈ ƙ ʠ	Voiceless implosives	1993	-	These letters represented unvoiced implosives. As these sounds are very rare, the characters were removed in 1993.

Footnotes and individual references

1. ↑ The year column represents the year in which the character was removed from the international phonetic alphabet.
2. ↑ Geoffrey K. Pullum, William A. Ladusaw: Phonetic Symbol Guide . University of Chicago Press, 1996, ISBN 0-226-68536-5 .
3. ↑ ^{a b} Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS. (PDF; 3.1 MB)