Liturgical reform of Gregory the Great

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Gregor I dictating Gregorian chant (from the antiphonary by Hartker von St. Gallen , St. Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod. 390, p. 13, around 1000)

The liturgical reforms introduced by Pope Gregory the Great are called the liturgical reform of Gregory the Great . Since the reform, the Catholic Holy Mass has essentially remained unchanged over the centuries.

State of the liturgy in the 5th century

Before the reforms of Gregory, the Roman liturgy or papal liturgy had reached the following level:

Roman liturgy Pontifical Station Service ( Ordo Romanus  I)
comment Ordo missæ Ordo missæ comment
Procession of the Pope from the Lateran to the titular church Pope is accompanied by acolytes and defensors as well as mounted regional deacons . Separately from this there are numerous deacons , a Primicerius , two notaries , a defensor and the regional sub-deacon . This was followed by the Pope, accompanied by Vice Dominus , vestiarius , Nomenculatur and sakellarios . Immediately in front of him is an acolyte with chrism . The Pope was followed by a subdeacon with the apostolus , an archdeacon with the sealed gospel and other acolytes
Put on the robes
Silent prayer, gathering, prostration Entry of the Pope, song of the Introit
Inserted by Pope Symmachus (498-514) Kyrie Kyrie
Gloria Gloria
collection collection
In research it is unclear whether there was a three-part structure (Old Testament, Epistle, Gospel). (Railway) readings Epistle reading
psalm Graduals
Alleluia call Alleluia call or tract
Gospel Gospel
Many of the sermons of Roman bishops have been preserved; To what extent presbyters also preached in the parishes is unclear. sermon
Equivalent to about today's Orationes sollemnes of Good Friday General prayer
Bringing about the gifts Offertory
prayer Prefation
Canon Romanus Canon Romanus
Peace kiss
Fractio panis
Peace kiss
Agnus Dei
Our Father with embolism
Communion with Psalm 33 (34) Communion with psalm
little doxology, antiphon
Oratio ad complendum Final oration
Blessing prayer Ite missa est
abstract abstract

Content of the reform

Reports from the 8th and 9th centuries

The content of the reforms is difficult to prove in detail; the same applies to Gregor's authorship. According to an anonymous report and the reports of Paulus 'Diaconus and Johannes' Diaconus from the 8th and 9th centuries, these include:

Individual measures

Very little of this can be clearly traced back to Gregor: There is only one report from Gregory himself in a letter to John of Syracuse . In it he reports on "meis dispositionibus".

“Quia alleluia dici ad missas extra pentecosten tempora fecistis; quia subdiaconos spoliatos procedere, quia kyrieleison dici, quia orationem Dominicam mox post canonem dici statuistis. "

Only the reform of the Hallelujah call, the Kyrie and the Our Father are testified by himself. Gregor erroneously assumes that the limitation of Hallelujah to Easter goes back to Hieronymus and Damasus ; for Hieronymus, however, it has been proven that he himself called the Hallelujah at the funeral . Regarding the reform of the Kyrie, Gregor writes:

“Kyrieleison autem nos neque diximus neque dicimus, sicut a Graecis dicitur, quia in Graecis omnes simul dicunt, apud nos autem a clericis dicitur, a populo respondetur et totidem vocibus etiam Christe-eleison dicitur, quod apud Graecos nullo. In cotidianis autem missis alia quae dici solent tacemus, tantum modo kyrieleison et Christe-eleison dicimus, ut in his deprecationis vocibus paulo diutius occupemur. "

Finally, he added the Lord's Prayer “mox post canonem” / “mox post precem” with reference to an apostolic tradition. He notes that in Rome - in contrast to the Greeks - this is only spoken by the celebrant, not by the community. It is controversial whether the “atque Andrea” of the Our Father embolism also comes from Gregor.

Controversial are an alleged reform or editing of the canon, Gregory's editing of a Sacramentarium and his connection to Gregorian chant.

literature

  • Martin Baier: The Mass of Pope Gregory: Origin and historical development of a liturgy and a topos . 1st edition. Academic Publishing Association Munich, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-86924-147-0 .
  • Leonhard Fendt : Introduction to liturgical science . A. Töpelmann, Berlin 1958, p. 115 ff .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Martin Baier: The Mass of Pope Gregory: Origin and historical development of a liturgy and a topos . 1st edition. Akademische Verlagsgemeinschaft München, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-86924-147-0 , pp. 49-57 .
  2. ↑ Martin Baier: The Mass of Pope Gregory: Origin and historical development of a liturgy and a topos . 1st edition. Akademische Verlagsgemeinschaft München, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-86924-147-0 , pp. 50 .
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Martin Baier: The Mass of Pope Gregory: Origin and historical development of a liturgy and a topos . 1st edition. Akademische Verlagsgemeinschaft München, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-86924-147-0 , pp. 44-49 .
  4. ↑ Martin Baier: The Mass of Pope Gregory: Origin and historical development of a liturgy and a topos . 1st edition. Akademische Verlagsgemeinschaft München, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-86924-147-0 , pp. 44 .
  5. ^ A b c Martin Baier: The Mass of Pope Gregory: Origin and historical development of a liturgy and a topos . 1st edition. Akademische Verlagsgemeinschaft München, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-86924-147-0 , pp. 45 .
  6. ↑ Critical in particular: H. Ashworth: Did St. Gregory the Great compose a Sacramentary (=  Studia Patristica II ). Berlin 1957, p. 3 ff . ; Henry Ashworth: Did St. Augustine bring the Gregorianum to England? In: Ephemerides liturgicae . tape 72 , 1958, pp. 39-43 .
  7. ^ Vita Gregorii Magni , Online
  8. ↑ a b c d e f g Leonhard Fendt : Introduction to liturgical science . A. Töpelmann, Berlin 1958, p. 115 ff .
  9. ↑ a b c Monumenta Germaniae Historica , Epistolae II, tom. II, ep. IX, 26, online