Loader
A Fahrlader (also LHD from the English for Load-Haul-Dump or Scooptram ) is an undercut loading machine that is used in underground mining for filling away and transporting debris over relatively short distances. Typically, the loader is used in partially broken floors to pick up the debris lying in the floors and bring it to the nearest rollers to crash . The driving distance is usually less than two hundred meters.
Layout and function
Loaders consist of a chassis in which all drive elements are integrated. The vehicle has a rubber-tyred chassis. The vehicles are equipped with four-wheel drive. The bucket boom with the loader bucket is mounted on the front frame. The vehicles are equipped with articulated steering , which means that the vehicles have a small curve radius. The driver's cab is located very low to the side behind the articulated steering. In modern loaders, the cabin door is larger than average, making it much easier to get in and out. A safety circuit locks all systems when the driver's door is open so that the loader cannot move on its own. The steering can then no longer be operated, the boom of the bucket is locked and the brake systems are switched to park. The driver's seat is arranged either transversely to the direction of travel or pivotable. As a result, the operator can see the route both forwards and backwards. Loaders with swiveling driver's seats place significantly less strain on the driver's cervical spine than rigid seats. In some mines , semi and fully automatic loaders are also used. In these systems, the debris is picked up remotely by an operator sitting in a control room. After loading is complete, the loader automatically drives the route to the roller and back to the dismantling site. There the loader waits for the operator to intervene to pick up the pile again. With these systems, one operator can drive up to three loaders at the same time.
Energy supply and drive
The drive loader is driven either by a diesel engine or an electric motor . Turbocharged diesel engines with an output of 187 to 320 kilowatts are used in diesel truck loaders . Motors with air cooling as well as with water cooling are used. The drive with diesel engine is the most common form of drive for loaders. This means that the loader is freely available and can be moved over any route. The pollution of the weather with exhaust gases is a disadvantage . Electric vehicle loaders are supplied with electrical energy via a 250 meter long tow cable . They have an output of up to 250 kilowatts. The towing cable is wound onto a cable drum in the rear of the vehicle. The drive of the cable drum is microprocessor-controlled in modern loaders . This means that the cable is always optimally wound. About photosensors , the sag of the trailing cable is monitored. If there is a risk of running over the towing cable when reversing due to excessive sag, the loader is immediately shut down. However, due to the tow cable, electric loaders only have a limited radius of action.
Dimensions and properties
Loaders have a low overall height so that they can move along the routes . Smaller loaders have a height of 1.8 meters, a width of 1.22 meters and a length of 5 meters. Larger loaders are up to 2.3 meters high, 4 meters wide and 12.93 meters long. The height of the engine compartment in these loaders is less than 2 meters. Small loaders have a vehicle weight of 5 tons, with larger loaders this is up to 58.5 tons. The bucket volume is between 2 and 10 cubic meters, depending on the size of the loader. As a result, the payload for small loaders is 1.5 tons. With large loaders, the payload is 20 tons. Depending on the condition of the roadway, loaders can reach a speed of 30 kilometers per hour, even with a loaded shovel. As a result, truck loaders can also be used effectively over a distance of up to 500 meters. Wheel loaders are also manufactured in a firedamp-proof version.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Sandvik, January 3, 2008: Sandvik Introduces Updated Underground Loaders ( Memento of the original from April 1, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Press release
- ↑ a b c d e Walter Bischoff , Heinz Bramann, Westfälische Berggewerkschaftskasse Bochum: The small mining dictionary. 7th edition, Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen 1988, ISBN 3-7739-0501-7 .
- ↑ a b c d e f Karl-Heinz Wennmohs: Scooptram St 14 Fahrlader - New standards in terms of technology, safety, performance, ergonomics and ease of maintenance in the market segment from 12 to 16 t. In: Hossein H. Tudeshi (Ed.) AMS Online GmbH: Advanced Mining Solutions. 2010, No. 3, pp. 88-93
- ↑ a b c d e f g Ernst-Ulrich Reuther: Textbook of mining science. First volume, 12th edition, VGE Verlag GmbH, Essen 2010, ISBN 978-3-86797-076-1 .
- ^ A b c Heinz M. Hiersig (Ed.): VDI-Lexikon Maschinenbau. VDI-Verlag GmbH, Düsseldorf 1995, ISBN 9783540621331 .
- ↑ a b Hagen Jeschke, Ernest Kretschmann: Super-Low-Profile-Fahrlader with 12 t payload. In: Ring Deutscher Bergingenieure eV (Hrsg.): Mining. Makossa Druck und Medien GmbH, Gelsenkirchen June 2008, ISSN 0342-5681 , pp. 282–285.
- ^ Thomas Jacob, Rüdiger Triebel: Automation in Mining of the K + S Group. In: Kaliverein eV (ed.): Kali und Steinsalz, No. 02, Druck Grafische Werkstatt (Kassel), Kassel 2002, ISSN 0022-7951 pp. 18-25
- ↑ Kjell Törmä: Kiruna 100-årsboken 2000, ISBN 91-630-9371-5 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Heinrich Sönksen: Current developments in mining promotion in potash and salt mining. In: Kaliverein eV (Ed.): Kali und Steinsalz, No. 1, Druck Grafische Werkstatt (Kassel), Kassel 2006, ISSN 0022-7951 .
- ↑ a b c d e Commission of the European Community General Directorate Energy (Ed.): Fördertechnik im Steinkohlenbergbau. Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Luxembourg 1978, ISBN 3-7739-0233-6 , pp. 168-298.
