Lumbricus friendi
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Lumbricus friendi as an invasive species in North America |
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| Cognetti , 1904 |
Lumbricus friendi is a large earthworm speciesmainly found in southwest and western Europe (atlantomediterranean). The species was also introduced to North America and naturalized here.
features
Lumbricus friendi reaches a body length of 80 to 200 millimeters (in Austria and England only 120 millimeters are given) with a diameter of 5 to 8 millimeters. The body consists of a different number of segments, depending on body length and age, mostly 70 to 130. The animal is colored violet-brown to purple-violet on the top and whitish on the underside. As is typical for the genus Lumbricus , the mouth opening is on the ventral side of the head flap that divides the first back segment (tanylobe prostomium). The clitellum (the swollen "belt" formed during sexual maturity that forms the egg cocoon) lies on body segments 33 to 37, and occasionally extends to parts of the neighboring segments (32 and 38). The pubertal tuberosity, a glandular swelling at the edge of the ventral side (ventrolateral) of the clitellum, is boat-shaped and lies on segments 33 to 36 or 34 to 37. The male genital pores are surrounded by a large, heart-shaped swelling, they lie on the segment 15, rarely 14 or 16. Lumbricus friendi is very similar to other species of the genus, especially the common Lumbricus terrestris , and cannot be distinguished from it on the basis of its body shape (habitually).
distribution
The species was from France described and especially in the southern half of France, in western Switzerland, in the northern half of the Iberian Peninsula used and in the south of Ireland. It was later given from other countries in the western half of Europe, such as Scotland, Wales, the Channel Islands, and northern Italy. There are few finds from the south-west of Germany, it is considered very rare here. Occasionally it was also proven from Austria. The easternmost find so far (only one animal) comes from Serbia in 2014. The species may also be found in North Africa.
Lumbricus friendi was detected as a new immigrant (neozoon) in the Baltimore - Washington Metropolitan Area, in the northeast of the USA, in 2014 , it is the twenty-sixth European earthworm species and the fifth introduced member of the genus Lumbricus . Wherever they occur, these European earthworms are changing American forest ecosystems, and they could potentially lead to the extinction of native species. The species is already the most common earthworm species at some of the localities. It is believed that the species was established here for a long time, but was previously confused with the very similar Lumbricus terrestris .
Way of life
Lumbricus friendi is obligatorily biparental, which means that two of the hermaphroditic animals have to fertilize each other to produce offspring. The species is mainly found in the litter layer of forests, but is also found in cultivated land, for example in grassland and in moist garden soils. It is given for both acidic sandy soils (up to pH 4) and basic soils.
Taxonomy
The species was first discovered in Ireland by Hilderic Friend , who named the species Lumbricus papillosus . This name later turned out to be a homonym of a species already described earlier. It was later described in more detail by Cognetti after animals from the Pyrenees, who renamed it in honor of Friend.
swell
- Reginald William Sims , Brian M. Gerard: Earthworms: Keys and Notes for the Identification and Study of the Species (Synopses of the British fauna. New series vol. 31). Brill Scientific Publishers, 1985. ISBN 978-90-04-07582-5 .
- Andreas Zicsi (1965): The Lumbricides of Upper Austria and Austria based on the Karl Wessely collection with special consideration of the Linz area. Natural history yearbooks of the city of Linz 11: 125–201.
- Csaba Csudzi & Katalin Szlávecz (2003): Lumbricus friendi Cognetti, 1904, a new exotic earthworm in North America. Northeastern Naturalist 10 (1): 77-82.
- Mirjana Stojanovic, Ralitsa Tsekova, Tanja Milutinović (2014): Distribution of Lumbricus friendi cognetti 1904 (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) at the European scale: First findings in Serbia. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science 20 (Supplement 1): 110-112.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Find points in Germany, in Burkhardt, U., Russell, DJ, Decker, P., Döhler, M., Höfer, H., Römbke, J., Trog, C., Vorwald, J., Wurst, E., Xylander, WER (2014): The Edaphobase project of GBIF-Germany. Edaphobase, information system for taxonomy, literature and ecology
- ↑ Ricarda Leimitz, Jörg Römbke, Ulfert Graefe, Anneke Beylich, Stefanie Krück (2016): Red List and List of Entire Species of Earthworms (Lumbricidae et Criodrilidae) of Germany. Conservation and Biodiversity 70 (4): 565-590.