Lurs

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Settlement area of ​​the Luri

The Lurs or Loren (also Lur or Luri , in the Luric language ل Sprache ر) are an ethnic group belonging to the Iranian peoples who lived predominantly nomadic until the 20th century . Their main settlement area extends from a center around the Zāgros Mountains in western Iran to the Faili-Lurs in southeast Iraq. In total, there are an estimated five million Lurs living in the main settlement areas and in major Iranian cities.

Culture

Handkerchief dance ( dastmal bazi ) during a wedding ceremony, Mamasani , Iran.

Both the Lurs in the north and the Kurds living in Lorestan are divided into the groups Poshte Kuh ("beyond the mountains") and Pishe Kuh ("this side of the mountains"). Below this distinction, the Lurian people are made up of sixty tribes, of which the Boir Ahmadi , the Kuhgiluye and the Mamasani are the best known. The Lurian tribes had a reputation for being particularly fearless and tough nomadic fighters of robust nature.

Until the reign of the Pahlavi dynasty , the majority of the Lurs lived as nomadic shepherds, with a small urban minority in the provincial capital, Khorramabad . The social and rule traditions of the Lurs were similar to those of the neighboring Kurds. Female Lurs, like Kurdish women, have always enjoyed greater freedom than neighboring Iranian and Arab peoples. The self-determination of the Luri tribes came under pressure from central government interests at an early stage, but many of the Luri tribes retained extensive independence in internal matters until the beginning of the 20th century. Under the rule of Nadir Shah in the 18th century lurische tribes from the Zagros Mountains were to Khorasan relocated, especially the Luri tribe of Zand but withdrew after the death of Nadir Shah back to his traditional tribal area in the field Malayir .

During the rule of Reza Shah Pahlavis , the previously nomadic people were finally forced to settle down and many of their leaders were subjected to persecution. By 1986 the Lurs had settled almost completely. 60% of the Lurs now live in large cities in and outside the traditional settlement area. The Lurs switched to arable farming relatively late when they settled down.

The traditional dwellings of the nomads were black tents ( siah chador ), open shelters with a canopy of leaves ( kula ) in summer and stone houses ( zemga ) with walls made of reading stones in winter. Like the neighboring Kashgai people, the Lurs are also known for their traditional carpet-making art.

language

This article or section needs to be revised: first "Lori is divided into two main dialects" and then "five main dialects of the Lurian language" - is it now 2 or 5?

According to Leki , Feyli and Leki are the same, which means that there are only 4 main dialects.
Please help to improve it , and then remove this flag.

Lorestan, Mount Oshtoran

The Luric language ( Lorī ) is an Iranian language , it is reminiscent of an archaic form of Persian . Lori is divided into two main dialects. Lure Bozorg ("greater Lur") is spoken by the Bachtiyaris in the south . Lure Kuchik ("smaller Lur") is common in the north in the settlement area of ​​the Lurs. Lurs speak five main dialects of the Lurian language:

Genetic characteristics

Due to their isolated way of life in hard-to-reach mountains for thousands of years, Luri and her descendants still have certain special genetic characteristics, including an increased occurrence of the Y-DNA haplogroup R1b, especially in the form of the subgroup R1b1a2a-L23.

See also

literature

  • Colin MacKinnon: Lurian dialects . In: Ehsan Yarshater (Ed.): Encyclopædia Iranica , as of January 7, 2011, accessed on June 18, 2012 (English, including references)
  • Inge Demant Mortensen: Nomads of Luristan. History, Material Culture, and Pastoralism in Western Iran (= The Carlsberg Foundation's Nomad Research Project. ). Thames and Hudson, London et al. 1993, ISBN 0-500-01572-4 .

Web links

Commons : Luren  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ David J. Phillips: Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World. Pasadena 2001, pp. 273ff.
  2. ^ Richard Tapper: Tribe and State in Iran and Afghanistan. New York 1983.
  3. ↑ April Fast: Iran.The Land. New York 2005. pp. 19ff.
  4. ↑ René Peyrous: Retour d'Ulysse de Troie verse Ithaque. P. 116ff.
  5. ↑ John Limbert: The origins and appearance of the Kurds in pre ‐ Islamic Iran. In: Iranian Studies. Vol. 1, Heft 2, 1968, pp. 41-51, here p. 47, doi: 10.1080 / 00210866808701350 .
  6. ↑ Iran . The CIA World Factbook, June 22, 2014 (6% of 80,840,713 residents)
  7. ↑ Usa Ipb: Iran. Country Study Guide. Int'l Business Publications, 2005. pp. 150ff.
  8. ^ Ariana Wolff (Ed.): Bands, Tribes, and First Peoples and Nations. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2014
  9. ↑ Kaveh Farrokh: Iran at war. 1500-1988. Osprey Publishing, 2011
  10. ↑ Glenn E. Curtis, Eric Hooglund: Iran: A Country Study. A Country Study. Area Handbook Series. 5th Edition, Washington 2008.
  11. ^ Lurs and Bakhtiaris. In: A Country Study: Iran. Library of Congress Country Studies, 2008
  12. ^ Ariana Wolff (Ed.): Bands, Tribes, and First Peoples and Nations. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2014
  13. ^ Brian Murphy: The Root of Wild Madder: Chasing the History, Mystery, and Lore of the Persian Carpet. New York 2005.
  14. ↑ CS Coon: Iran: Demography and Ethnography. In: The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition . Volume 4, p. 9
  15. ^ Najm S. Mehdi, al-Fayli, Stockholm 2001.
  16. ↑ Faylee Archive - الارشيف الفيلي .
  17. ^ J. Black-Michaud: An Ethnographic and Ecological Survey of Luristan, Western Persia: Modernization in a Nomadic Pastoral Society. Middle Eastern Studies, 10 (2), 210-228 . 1974.
  18. ↑ Shoup, JA 2011, Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, Incorporated. p.177
  19. ↑ Bakhtiâri .
  20. ↑ AA Kerimova, “Lurskie i Bakhtiyarskie Dialekty,” in Osnovy III, 1982, pp. 287-315.
  21. ^ William J. Frawley, William Frawley, International Encyclopedia of Linguistics & 4-Volume Set, Volume 1, Oxford University Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0-19-513977-8 , s. 310
  22. ^ Albrecht Klose, Languages ​​of the World , De Gruyter, 2001, ISBN 978-3-598-11404-5 , s. 227.
  23. ^ B. Grimes (ed.), 'Luri', in Ethnologue (13th edition) (Dallas, 1996), p. 677; M. Ruhlen, A Guide to the World's Languages ​​(Stanford, 1991), p. 327.
  24. ↑ V. Grugni, V. Battaglia, B. Hooshiar Kashani, p Parolo, N. Al-Zahery, A. Achilli, A. Olivieri, F. Gandini, M. Houshmand, MH Sanati, A. Torroni, O. Semino : Ancient migratory events in the Middle East: new clues from the Y-chromosome variation of modern Iranians. In: PloS one. Volume 7, number 7, 2012, ISSN  1932-6203 , p. E41252, doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0041252 . PMID 22815981 , PMC 3399854 (free full text).
  25. ↑ Semino, Ornella; Magri, Chiara; Benuzzi, Giorgia; Lin, Alice A .; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Battaglia, Vincenza; MacCioni, Liliana; Triantaphyllidis, Costas, et al. (2004). "Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area". The American Journal of Human Genetics 74 (5): 1023-34. doi: 10.1086 / 386295 . PMC 1181965 (free full text). PMID 15069642 .