Mahmud Barzanji

Sheikh Mahmud Barzanji ( Kurdish شێخ مه‌حمودی حه‌فید Şêx Mehmûd Berzincî , Arabic شیخ محمود برزنجي; * 1878 in Barzinjah, today's Gouvernement as-Sulaimaniya ; † October 9, 1956 in Baghdad ) was a Kurdish ruler and cleric of the Qadiriya from northern Iraq .

Barzanji comes from a Sufi family of the Qadiriya, whose sheikh he later became. When the British Mandate Mesopotamia was established in what is now Iraq after the First World War , the British were looking for a suitable means of governing the Kurdish north. Based on the tribal government in the tribal areas under federal administration in today's Pakistan , which at that time belonged to British India , the British appointed Barzanji as governor over the Kurds in Sulaimaniya in 1918. However, the determination of Barzanji was not in the interests of all Kurds, as the rivalry between tribes and orders was great.

Since Barzanji had the backing of the British, he was able to increase his influence over many Kurds. However, he began to use his position for his own advantage, which brought him into conflict with the British. He proclaimed himself ruler of all of Kurdistan. In May 1919 he was even able to drive the British out of Sulaimaniya, but was then defeated by them in June 1919. There were many Kurds from Iran and the then 16-year-old Mustafa Barzani among the supporters of Barzanji . The Kurdish tribe of the Jaf, however, fought on the side of the British against Barzanji. The British also used the Royal Air Force in the crackdown . Barzanji himself was captured by the British at the Darbandi Bazyan mountain pass .

The British converted the death penalty into exile and sent Barzanji to India in 1921 . He was to live there for ten years. Under pressure from the Kurds and fear of Turkish influence over northern Iraq, Barzanschi was brought back from exile in 1922. Barzanji took advantage of this opportunity and proclaimed the Kingdom of Kurdistan on October 10, 1922 , with himself as King Mahmud I. The British and the Jaf did not recognize the kingdom and, in accordance with their counterinsurgency strategy, proceeded with the so-called rule by bomb , the Royal Air Force bombed Sulaimaniya several times and caused large parts of the population to flee. In July 1924 the city was finally retaken from the British, Barzanji was removed from all his offices and the Kingdom of Kurdistan was reintegrated into Iraq. Barzanji died in Baghdad on October 9, 1956.

progeny

Sheikh Mehmud and his wife Aischa (his cousin) had three sons

Raouf
Baba Ali (1912 / 15-?)
Latif (? -1972)

Web links

The uprising of Mahmoud Barzanji

Individual evidence

^ ^A ^b Joseph R. Rudolph Jr: Encyclopedia of Modern Ethnic Conflicts, 2nd Edition [2 volumes] . ABC-CLIO, 2015, ISBN 978-1-61069-553-4 , pp. 270 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
^ Michael G. Lortz: Willing to Face Death: A History of Kurdish Military Forces - the Peshmerga - from the Ottoman Empire to Present-Day Iraq. In: Florida State University Libraries. Florida State University, 2005, p. 11 , accessed July 20, 2017 .
↑ Major Michael Andrew Kappelmann: Parallel Campaigns: The British In Mesopotamia, 1914-1920 And The United States In Iraq, 2003-2004 . Pickle Partners Publishing, 2014, ISBN 978-1-78289-667-8 , pp. 52 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
↑ Steven Carol: Understanding the Volatile and Dangerous Middle East: A Comprehensive Analysis . iUniverse, 2015, ISBN 978-1-4917-6658-3 , The Kurds and Iraq, pp. 275 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
^ Reeva S. Simon, Eleanor Harvey Tejirian: The Creation of Iraq, 1914-1921 . Columbia University Press, 2004, ISBN 978-0-231-13293-0 , pp. 105 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
↑ Behrendt, Günther: Nationalism in Kurdistan. Hamburg 1993, p. 348

personal data
SURNAME	Barzanji, Mahmud
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Barzandschi, Mehmud; Berzincî, Şêx Mehmûd (Kurdish); شیخ محمود برزنجي (Arabic)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION	Kurdish leader and clergyman
DATE OF BIRTH	1878
PLACE OF BIRTH	Barzinjah, today's province of as-Sulaimaniyya
DATE OF DEATH	October 9, 1956
Place of death	Baghdad

[:0-1] A ^b Joseph R. Rudolph Jr: Encyclopedia of Modern Ethnic Conflicts, 2nd Edition [2 volumes] . ABC-CLIO, 2015, ISBN 978-1-61069-553-4 , pp. 270 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).

[2] Michael G. Lortz: Willing to Face Death: A History of Kurdish Military Forces - the Peshmerga - from the Ottoman Empire to Present-Day Iraq. In: Florida State University Libraries. Florida State University, 2005, p. 11 , accessed July 20, 2017 .

[3] Major Michael Andrew Kappelmann: Parallel Campaigns: The British In Mesopotamia, 1914-1920 And The United States In Iraq, 2003-2004 . Pickle Partners Publishing, 2014, ISBN 978-1-78289-667-8 , pp. 52 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).

[4] Steven Carol: Understanding the Volatile and Dangerous Middle East: A Comprehensive Analysis . iUniverse, 2015, ISBN 978-1-4917-6658-3 , The Kurds and Iraq, pp. 275 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).

[5] Reeva S. Simon, Eleanor Harvey Tejirian: The Creation of Iraq, 1914-1921 . Columbia University Press, 2004, ISBN 978-0-231-13293-0 , pp. 105 ( limited preview in Google Book search).

[6] Behrendt, Günther: Nationalism in Kurdistan. Hamburg 1993, p. 348