Sheep
The Jāf (Arabic / Persian جاف, Jāf ) are a Kurdish tribal federation in northern Iraq and western Iran . In Iraq they are found in the provinces of Sulaimaniya and Halabdscha , in Iran between Sanandaj (province of Kordestān ) and Jawanrud (Javanrud, province of Kermānschāh ) The Iraqi Jafs are also known as Muradi , the Iranian Jafs as Jawanrudi (Javanrudi) .
Religion and language
The Jaf Kurds are Sunni Muslims ( Shāfiʿites ), a large number of whom follow the orders of Qādirīya and Naqschbandīya . Their language is Sorani , their Sorani dialect is called Jafi (Jafi). At least a part of the Jaf speaks Gorani or a Sorani mixed with Gorani.
history
The Jaf were originally nomads north and west of the Sirwan River (Diyala) in Persia (Iran). They traced their ancestry back to the Kurdish Sultan Saladin . According to other traditions, Tamerlane (late 14th century) abducted the Jaf clans of the Qobādi and Bāwajāni (Bābājāni) from Ottoman territories (Anatolia) and settled them in Persia, while the Tāyšaʾi clan again claimed to be descended from Christians from Armenia. Since about the middle of the 17th century, the Jaf Kurds were united under the leadership of the Begzadeh Sayyids .
Muradi in Iraq
.jpg)
The Muradi , who have been so called since they had helped the Ottoman Sultan Murad IV in 1638 to recapture Baghdad from the Persian Safavids , left the Persian pastures around 1772. They immigrated to the Ottoman-ruled Iraq, spread in the Sulaimaniya region as far as Kalar and subjugated or displaced the also nomadic Jalali Kurds (Jalali), the Tilekuhi and some other tribes. From then on they took their winter quarters near Kifri ( Diyala province ), their summer quarters near Penjwin , and in spring and autumn near Halabdscha. From then on, the Jaf served the Ottomans as border guards against nomads invading from Persia. After the end of Ottoman rule, they repeatedly participated in Kurdish uprisings against the British and Iraqis, but fought against the Kurdish leader Mahmud Barzanji from 1919–1924 . From 1983 to 1989, with Yahya al-Jaf and Sirwan al-Jaf, they were the heads of government of the Kurdish Autonomous Region established by Iraq , before they were ousted by Jafar al-Barzanji .
Javanrudi in Iran
Seven smaller clans split off from the Jaf Kurds who remained in their summer grazing area near Jawanrud in the second half of the 19th century and joined the Gorani Kurds. The remaining twelve Jawanrudi clans repeatedly took part in Kurdish uprisings or uprisings against the rule of the Persian Qajar and Pahlavi shahs. With the support of Iraqi Jaf Kurds, for example, they fought 1907-1911 in the Young Persian Revolution and on the side of the Persian heir to the throne Sālār ad-Dawla, who was married to a Jaf princess, and lastly in 1950 and 1956 against Mohammad Reza Pahlavi .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Erhard Franz : Kurden und Kurdentum - contemporary history of a people and its national movements , pages 58, 116, 190 and 196. Mitteilungen 30, Deutsches Orient-Institut Hamburg 1986
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Encyclopedia Iranica : Jaf
- ↑ a b Michael M. Gunter: Historical Dictionary of the Kurds , page 148.Scarecrow Press, Lanham 2010
- ↑ Abdul Mabud Khan: Encyclopaedia of the world Muslims - tribes, castes and communities , Volume 2, page 609. Global Vision Pub. House, Michigan 2001
- ↑ Wadie Jwaideh: The Kurdish National Movement - Its Origins and Development , pages 179-198 and 353. Syracuse University Press, New York 2006
- ↑ Tel Aviv University: Middle East Contemporary Survey , Vol. XIII 1989, p. 397. Holmes & Meier, New York 1991