Sorani
| Sorani ( سۆرانی) | ||
|---|---|---|
|
Spoken in |
Iran , Iraq | |
| speaker | about 4,500,000 | |
| Linguistic classification |
Indo-European
|
|
| Official status | ||
| Official language in |
 Kurdistan Autonomous Region (in Iraq )
 |
|
| Recognized minority / regional language in |
all of iraq iran 
|
|
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-3 |
ckb |
|
Sorani ( Sorani سۆرانی Soranî ), also called Central or South Kurdish , is a Kurdish language with around 4.5 million speakers.
Spread and dialects
Sorani is mainly spoken by Kurds from Iraq (approx. 4 million) and Iran . With around 4 million speakers, it is the most common form of Kurdish in Iraq. The Persian script with special characters is mostly used to write Sorani, but the Kurdish-Latin alphabet is also increasingly used . Sorani has an extensive literary tradition (religious texts, poetry, historical works).
Important dialects of Sorani are:
- Arbili, Rwandzi, Kirkuki, Khanaqini, Kushnawi, Mukri,
- Sulaimani, Bingirdi, Garrusi, Ardalani, Sanandaji, Warmawa, Garmiyani
- Jafi (dialect of the Jaf Kurds)
- Judeo-Kurdish
The spread of Sorani and its dialects is closely linked to the rule of the Baban dynasty of Suleymania . The economic strength of the city spread the Sorani in the region and displaced the older Hewramani and Gorani . Today the Sorani is also used as a source for word creations in Kurmanji .
classification
-
Indo-European languages
-
Indo-Iranian languages
-
Iranian languages
-
Western Iranian languages
-
Northwest Iranian languages
-
Kurdish languages
- Sorani
-
Kurdish languages
-
Northwest Iranian languages
-
Western Iranian languages
-
Iranian languages
-
Indo-Iranian languages
Notes on grammar
Nouns and pronouns
Nominal inflection
Like Persian, Sorani does not distinguish between case and gender in nouns and pronouns . However, these forms have been preserved in Kurmanji and Zaza . There is an extensive article system for this. The article is suffixed (appended). If the word ends in a vowel, a hiatus -Tilger is inserted (mostly -y-, with rounded vowels also -w-). In the Kurdish-Arabic script, however, the hiatal pilgrim is not always written, cf. xanû-w-eke "the house":خانوووهکه Next خانووهکه.
| items | indefinite | certainly |
| Sg. | -êk / -yek | - (y) eke / -ke |
| Pl. | - (y) on | - (y) ekan / -kan |
The suffixed article comes after word formation suffixes and before enclitics such as the enclitic personal pronouns, e.g. B. ker-eke-m "my donkey" or xanû-w-eke-t "your house". It is not set if there is a clear reference, i.e. for words like mother , father , name , etc., e.g. B. naw-it çî-ye? “What 's your name ?” (Literally: name-your-how-is ).
The pronouns
The following table shows the Kurmanji forms for comparison. Kurmandschi differentiates between casus rectus (Cr) and casus obliquus (Co):
| German | Sorani | Kurmanji |
|---|---|---|
| I | min | Cr: ez / Co min |
| you | to | Cr: tu / Co: te |
| he she it | ew | Cr: ew / Co: wî ( m ), wê ( f ) |
| we | ême | Cr: em / Co: me |
| her | êwe | Cr: hûn / Co: we |
| she pl. | ewan | Cr: ewan / Co: wan |
Enclitic personal pronouns
Like Persian, Sorani has enclitic personal pronouns (also: pronominal suffixes ):
| German | Sorani | Persian |
|---|---|---|
| my | -in the | -at the |
| your | -it | -at |
| be | -î | -aš |
| our | -man | -emān |
| your | -tân | -etān |
| her | -yân | -it on |
The vowel -i- of the first and second person falls after the vowel and can be placed after the consonant in the plural forms. The enclitic personal pronouns can stand for all parts of the sentence with the exception of the subject (note the peculiarity of transitive verbs in the past, see below), i.e. for possessive pronouns , for the indirect object , for complements of a preposition and in the present tense also for the direct object .
In the past of transitive verbs, they function as agent markers and cannot stand for the direct object. So you congruent with the subject.
Another special feature is their position. They are generally in the second position of their phrase. If they function as possessive pronouns, they are attached directly to the reference word. If they represent a complement ruled by a preposition, they can be added directly to the preposition (e.g. lege l -im-da "mit mir") or they appear on the word before the preposition (e.g.: agireke dûke l -î lê- he l desê. "Smoke rises from the fire"; literally: the fire, smoke-from-him rises , whereby the enclitic personal pronoun -im is governed by the preposition lê ).
If the only possible carrier in the sentence is the verb itself, the enclitic personal pronouns are attached either to verbal prefixes (eg: na- t -bînim “I do n't see you .”) Or to the verb ending .
Tewang construction
In many dialects of Sorani and also in the standardized version there is the Tewang construction , in which a noun is defined more precisely by another, which is connected to the noun to be determined by the Tewang (addition, Persian Ezafe ).
Example:
| German | Sorani | Kurmanji |
|---|---|---|
| House | Times | Times |
| My house | Times î min | Times a min |
The Tewang connection exists in the singular and plural only in one form. In addition, there is also a case rectus and a case obliquus of the Tewang connection.
Tewang forms in the case rectus:
| Sorani singular |
Kurmanji singular |
Sorani plural |
Kurmanji plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| î | ê / a | ekanî | ên |
Examples:
Tewang forms in the case rectus (please revise):
| German | Sorani | Kurmanji |
|---|---|---|
| Your village | Gund î to | Gund ê te |
| His name | Naw î ew | Nav ê wî |
The verb
Present tense formation
The present tense is formed in Sorani by adding a prefix de- and the personal ending.
Example "go", whose tribe is -ç- in Kurdish :
| German | Sorani | Kurmanji |
|---|---|---|
| I go | Min deçim | Ez diçim |
| You go | To deçî | Tu diçî |
| He / she / it goes | Ew deçê | Ew diçe |
| We go | Ême deçîn | Em diçin |
| You go | Êwe deçin | Hûn diçin |
| they go | Ewan deçin | Ewan Diçin |
Passive conjugation
The Sorani has a separate passive conjugation of the verbs , but has no future tense like the Kurmanji and Persian.
Verb conjugation, comparison to Persian (Farsi)
The verb conjugation shows certain similarities with Persian, especially the colloquial language.
| German | Kurmanji | Sorani | Persian (colloquial) | Persian (standard sp.) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I see | di-bîn-im | de-bîn-im | mi-am-am | mi-am-am |
| you see | di-bîn-î | de-bîn-î | mi-am-i | mi-am-i |
| he sees | di-bîn-e | de-bîn-ê (t) | mi-am-e | mi-bin-ad |
| we see | di-bîn-in | de-bîn-în | mi-am-im | mi-am-im |
| you see | di-bîn-in | de-bîn-in | mi-am-in | mi-bin-id |
| You see They see | di-bîn-in | de-bîn-in | mi-am-an | mi-am-and |
literature
- Joyce Blau: Manuel de Kurde. Dialects Sorani. Grammaire, textes de lecture, vocabulaire kurde-français et français-kurde. Librairie de Kliensieck, Paris 1980, ISBN 2-252-02185-3
- Jamal Jalal Abdullah, Ernest N. McCarus: Kurdish Basic Course. Dialect of Sulaimania, Iraq. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor 1967, ISBN 0-916798-60-7
- Feryad Fazil Omar: Kurdish-German Dictionary (Soranî). Institute for Kurdish Studies Berlin, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-932574-10-9
- Feryad Fazil Omar: Textbook German-Kurdish (Sorani). Institute for Kurdish Studies Berlin, Berlin 1999 or 2000, ISBN 978-3-932574-04-7
