Sorani

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Sorani ( سۆرانی)

Spoken in

Iran , Iraq
speaker about 4,500,000
Linguistic
classification

Indo-European

  • Indo-Iranian
    Iranian
    Western Iranian
    Northwest Iranian
    Sorani
Official status
Official language in Kurdistan Kurdistan Autonomous Region (in Iraq ) IraqIraq 
Recognized minority /
regional language in
all of iraq iranIraqIraq 
IranIran 
Language codes
ISO 639-3

ckb

Sorani ( Sorani سۆرانی Soranî ), also called Central or South Kurdish , is a Kurdish language with around 4.5 million speakers.

Spread and dialects

Sorani is mainly spoken by Kurds from Iraq (approx. 4 million) and Iran . With around 4 million speakers, it is the most common form of Kurdish in Iraq. The Persian script with special characters is mostly used to write Sorani, but the Kurdish-Latin alphabet is also increasingly used . Sorani has an extensive literary tradition (religious texts, poetry, historical works).

Important dialects of Sorani are:

  • Arbili, Rwandzi, Kirkuki, Khanaqini, Kushnawi, Mukri,
  • Sulaimani, Bingirdi, Garrusi, Ardalani, Sanandaji, Warmawa, Garmiyani
  • Jafi (dialect of the Jaf Kurds)
  • Judeo-Kurdish

The spread of Sorani and its dialects is closely linked to the rule of the Baban dynasty of Suleymania . The economic strength of the city spread the Sorani in the region and displaced the older Hewramani and Gorani . Today the Sorani is also used as a source for word creations in Kurmanji .

classification

Notes on grammar

Nouns and pronouns

Nominal inflection

Like Persian, Sorani does not distinguish between case and gender in nouns and pronouns . However, these forms have been preserved in Kurmanji and Zaza . There is an extensive article system for this. The article is suffixed (appended). If the word ends in a vowel, a hiatus -Tilger is inserted (mostly -y-, with rounded vowels also -w-). In the Kurdish-Arabic script, however, the hiatal pilgrim is not always written, cf. xanû-w-eke "the house":خانوووه‌که Next خانووه‌که.

items indefinite certainly
Sg. -êk / -yek - (y) eke / -ke
Pl. - (y) on - (y) ekan / -kan

The suffixed article comes after word formation suffixes and before enclitics such as the enclitic personal pronouns, e.g. B. ker-eke-m "my donkey" or xanû-w-eke-t "your house". It is not set if there is a clear reference, i.e. for words like mother , father , name , etc., e.g. B. naw-it çî-ye? “What 's your name ?” (Literally: name-your-how-is ).

The pronouns

The following table shows the Kurmanji forms for comparison. Kurmandschi differentiates between casus rectus (Cr) and casus obliquus (Co):

German Sorani Kurmanji
I min Cr: ez / Co min
you to Cr: tu / Co: te
he she it ew Cr: ew / Co: wî ( m ), wê ( f )
we ême Cr: em / Co: me
her êwe Cr: hûn / Co: we
she pl. ewan Cr: ewan / Co: wan

Enclitic personal pronouns

Like Persian, Sorani has enclitic personal pronouns (also: pronominal suffixes ):

German Sorani Persian
my -in the -at the
your -it -at
be -aš
our -man -emān
your -tân -etān
her -yân -it on

The vowel -i- of the first and second person falls after the vowel and can be placed after the consonant in the plural forms. The enclitic personal pronouns can stand for all parts of the sentence with the exception of the subject (note the peculiarity of transitive verbs in the past, see below), i.e. for possessive pronouns , for the indirect object , for complements of a preposition and in the present tense also for the direct object .

In the past of transitive verbs, they function as agent markers and cannot stand for the direct object. So you congruent with the subject.

Another special feature is their position. They are generally in the second position of their phrase. If they function as possessive pronouns, they are attached directly to the reference word. If they represent a complement ruled by a preposition, they can be added directly to the preposition (e.g. lege l -im-da "mit mir") or they appear on the word before the preposition (e.g.: agireke dûke l -î lê- he l desê. "Smoke rises from the fire"; literally: the fire, smoke-from-him rises , whereby the enclitic personal pronoun -im is governed by the preposition ).

If the only possible carrier in the sentence is the verb itself, the enclitic personal pronouns are attached either to verbal prefixes (eg: na- t -bînim “I do n't see you .”) Or to the verb ending .

Tewang construction

In many dialects of Sorani and also in the standardized version there is the Tewang construction , in which a noun is defined more precisely by another, which is connected to the noun to be determined by the Tewang (addition, Persian Ezafe ).

Example:

German Sorani Kurmanji
House Times Times
My house Times î min Times a min

The Tewang connection exists in the singular and plural only in one form. In addition, there is also a case rectus and a case obliquus of the Tewang connection.

Tewang forms in the case rectus:

Sorani
singular
Kurmanji
singular
Sorani
plural
Kurmanji
plural
î ê / a ekanî ên

Examples:

Tewang forms in the case rectus (please revise):

German Sorani Kurmanji
Your village Gund î to Gund ê te
His name Naw î ew Nav ê

The verb

Present tense formation

The present tense is formed in Sorani by adding a prefix de- and the personal ending.

Example "go", whose tribe is -ç- in Kurdish :

German Sorani Kurmanji
I go Min deçim Ez diçim
You go To deçî Tu diçî
He / she / it goes Ew deçê Ew diçe
We go Ême deçîn Em diçin
You go Êwe deçin Hûn diçin
they go Ewan deçin Ewan Diçin

Passive conjugation

The Sorani has a separate passive conjugation of the verbs , but has no future tense like the Kurmanji and Persian.

Verb conjugation, comparison to Persian (Farsi)

The verb conjugation shows certain similarities with Persian, especially the colloquial language.

German Kurmanji Sorani Persian (colloquial) Persian (standard sp.)
I see di-bîn-im de-bîn-im mi-am-am mi-am-am
you see di-bîn-î de-bîn-î mi-am-i mi-am-i
he sees di-bîn-e de-bîn-ê (t) mi-am-e mi-bin-ad
we see di-bîn-in de-bîn-în mi-am-im mi-am-im
you see di-bîn-in de-bîn-in mi-am-in mi-bin-id
You see They see di-bîn-in de-bîn-in mi-am-an mi-am-and

literature

  • Joyce Blau: Manuel de Kurde. Dialects Sorani. Grammaire, textes de lecture, vocabulaire kurde-français et français-kurde. Librairie de Kliensieck, Paris 1980, ISBN 2-252-02185-3
  • Jamal Jalal Abdullah, Ernest N. McCarus: Kurdish Basic Course. Dialect of Sulaimania, Iraq. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor 1967, ISBN 0-916798-60-7
  • Feryad Fazil Omar: Kurdish-German Dictionary (Soranî). Institute for Kurdish Studies Berlin, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-932574-10-9
  • Feryad Fazil Omar: Textbook German-Kurdish (Sorani). Institute for Kurdish Studies Berlin, Berlin 1999 or 2000, ISBN 978-3-932574-04-7

Web links

Wiktionary: Sorani  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ckb