Man'yōgana
Man'yōgana | ||
---|---|---|
Font | Syllabary | |
languages | Japanese language | |
Used in | Japan | |
ancestry |
Chinese writing Man'yōgana |
|
Derived | Hiragana , katakana | |
ISO 15924 | Hani (Chinese script) | |
Man'yōgana ( Japanese 万 葉 仮 名 , syllable writing of ten thousand leaves' ) is a historical writing system of the Japanese language , the Chinese characters ( Kanji ) not because of their semantic (meaningful) qualities, but for phonetic (phonetic) reasons. It is therefore largely a syllabary and a forerunner of the Hiragana and Katakana fonts used in Japan today .
Man'yōgana were originally used to write place names and personal names ( cf.kana from kari na 'borrowed names; loan word '), since Japanese texts were written in Chinese at that time ( Kanbun ) and proper names could not be translated into Chinese, especially since the meaning of the names was partly no longer known. It was later recognized that it was possible to write texts in unadulterated Japanese using Man'yōgana, i.e. H. they could be reproduced directly with Japanese sounds and word order and a translation was no longer necessary. However, this use was mainly limited to poetry, e.g. B. in the oldest poem of Japan handed down through the Kojiki (712) and Nihongi (720).
In the old Japanese poem anthologie Man'yōshū ('Collection of ten thousand leaves') from the middle of the 8th century, 480 such phonetic symbols can be found in various forms, which is why they were given the name Man'yōgana.
Classification
Man'yōgana can basically be divided into three groups according to their pronunciation.
Ongana
Ongana ( 音 仮 名 ' phonetic syllables' ) or Jiongana ( 字音 仮 名 'character phonetic syllables' ) were chosen based on the Chinese pronunciation ( on reading ) of the characters used. The sound level corresponds to the early Middle Chinese or the Sinocorean pronunciation of the Kingdom of Baekje from which Japan adopted the Chinese script.
The most common case is that a sign here corresponds to a syllable ( 1 字 1 音 ichi ji ichi oto , in German 'one sign, one sound' ), like 阿 a , 伊 i and 加 ka . Sometimes two characters are used for a syllable, where the first character stands for the syllable and the second character repeats the vowel, e.g. B. 渭 伊 wi , 斐伊 pi , 紀 伊 ki and 由 宇 yu . Ongana are the most common form of Man'yōgana and it is not uncommon for complete poems (especially in older texts such as Kojiki or Nihongi ) to be written in Ongana alone.
Kungana
Kungana ( 訓 仮 名 'meaning-syllables' ) or Jikungana ( 字 訓 仮 名 'sign-meaning-syllables' ) use the Japanese pronunciation ( kun reading ) of the word denoted by the character. Since Japanese words are generally longer than Chinese words, kungana often denote multiple syllables such as 鴨 kamo (meaning: 'duck').
For example, monosyllabic jikungana are 吾 a , 射 i, and 鹿 ka . Here, too, there are several characters for one syllable, on the one hand because the Japanese word was shorter than its Chinese counterpart in individual cases , as in 海藻me , on the other hand because, as with the two-character ongana, a nesting was made. So it happens that the second character stands for the actual syllable and the first character contains the syllable, e.g. B. 摂 津 tu , where 摂 alone is read setu . Furthermore, several characters can also stand for several syllables, as in 下 風 arasi (meaning: ' Fall wind') with two characters for three syllables.
Ongana were the most common Man'yōgana, especially since kungana were never developed for some syllables, but five kungana are already known for the reign of Empress Suiko (592–628).
Gisho
Gisho / Tawamuregaki ( 戯 書 'playful spellings' ) are Man'yōgana that result from the rebus principle . There are the following variants:
- Graphemograms: 山上 復 有 山 ide , German , 'Above the mountain is another mountain' because the character 出 is read as ide and looks like two mountains 山 on top of each other.
- Arithmograms: 重 二 si , German 'two on top of each other' and 並 二 si , German 'two next to each other' da si means 'four', 十六 sisi , German '16' da 4 × 4,
- Onomatograms (onomatopoeia): 馬 聲 i , German 'horse sound ' , 蜂 音 bu , German 'Hummelton' , 喚 鶏 tutu , German 'screaming cock' .
Gisho, in particular, make reading Man'yōgana texts more difficult, since, for example, when 十六 occurs, it must first be concluded from the context that they do not have to be read regularly as to 2 si and do not have the meaning 16, but a rebus for 4 × 4 are, therefore sisi should be read and then stand for the word 'wild animal' as pronounced.
Monosyllabic Man'yōgana (Magana)
The monosyllabic Man'yōgana are also referred to as Magana ( 真 仮 wahre 'true syllable writing' ) because, as in modern Kana, a sign stands for exactly one syllable and, moreover, the Magana served as the basis for the modern Kana.
Japanese syllables follow a KV structure, so that the following table is divided into columns according to the initial consonant and line by line according to the final vowel. The naming follows the phonetic system and the transcription of the old Japanese language , i. H. The h-sound series of modern Japanese is designated as * p due to its supposed realization at the time, as well as the separation of certain syllables in two different pairs, for whose concrete phonetic meaning there is currently no linguistic consensus. Other sources also transcribe the p series as f based on its pronunciation in Classical Japanese or as h based on modern Japanese.
∅ - | k- | s- | t- | n- | * p- | m- | y- | r- | w- | G- | z- | d- | b- | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | 阿安英 足 | 可 何 加 架 香 蚊 迦 | 左 佐沙 作者 柴 紗 草 散 | 太多 他 丹 駄 田 手 立 | 那 男 奈南寧 難 七名 魚 菜 | 八方 芳 房 半 伴 倍 泊 波 婆 破 薄 播 幡 羽 早 者 速 葉 歯 | 万 末 馬 麻 摩 磨 満 前 真 間 鬼 | 也 移 夜 楊 耶 野 八 矢 屋 | 良 浪 郎 楽 羅 等 | 和 丸 輪 | 我 何 賀 | 社 射 謝 耶 奢 装 蔵 | 陀 太大 嚢 | 伐 婆 磨 魔 |
i 1 | 伊怡 以 異 已 移 射 五 | 支 伎 岐 企 棄 寸 吉 杵 來 | 子 之 芝 水 四 司 詞 斯 志 思 信 偲 寺 侍 時 歌 詩 師 紫 新 旨 指 次 此 死 事 准 磯 為 | 知 智 陳 千 乳 血 茅 | 二人 日 仁 爾 迩 尼 耳 柔 丹荷 似 煮 煎 | 比 必 卑 賓 日 氷 飯 負 嬪 臂 避 匱 | 民 彌 美 三水 見 視 御 | none † | 里 理 利 梨 隣 入 煎 | 位 為 謂 井 猪 藍 | 伎 祇 芸 岐 儀 蟻 | 自 士仕 司 時 尽 慈 耳 餌 児 弐 爾 | 遅 治 地 恥 尼 泥 | 婢 鼻 弥 |
i 2 | 貴 紀 記 奇 寄 忌 幾 木 城 | 非 悲 斐 火 肥 飛 樋 干乾 彼 被 秘 | 未 味 尾 微 身 実 箕 | 疑 宜 義 擬 | 備 肥 飛 乾 眉 媚 | |||||||||
u | 宇 羽 于 有 卯 烏 得 | 久 九 口 丘 苦 鳩 来 | 寸 須 周 酒 州 洲 珠 数 酢 栖 渚 | 都 豆 通 追 川 津 | 奴 努 怒 農 濃 沼 宿 | 不 否 布 負 部 敷 経 歴 | 牟 武 無 模 務 謀 六 | 由 喩 遊 湯 | 留 流 類 | none † | 具 遇 隅 求 愚 虞 | 受 授 殊 儒 | 豆 頭 弩 | 夫 扶 府 文 柔 歩 部 |
e 1 | 衣 依 愛 榎 | 祁家 計 係 價 結 鶏 | 世 西 斉 勢 施 背脊 迫 瀬 | 堤 天帝 底 手 代 直 | 禰 尼 泥 年根 宿 | 平反 返 弁 弊 陛 遍 覇 部 辺 重 隔 | 売 馬 面 女 | 曳 延 要 遥 叡 兄 江 吉 枝 | 礼 列 例 烈 連 | 廻 恵 面 咲 | 下 牙 雅夏 | 是 湍 | 代 田 泥 庭 伝 殿 而 涅提 弟 | 弁 便 別 部 |
e 2 | 気 既 毛 飼 消 | 閉 倍 陪 拝 戸 経 | 梅米 迷昧 目 眼 海 | 義 気 宜 礙 削 | 倍 毎 | |||||||||
o 1 | 意 憶 於 應 | 古 姑 枯 故 侯 孤 児 粉 | 宗祖 素 蘇 十 | 刀 土 斗 度 戸 利 速 | 努 怒 野 | 凡 方 抱 朋 倍 保 宝 富 百 帆 穂 | 毛 畝 蒙 木 問 聞 | 用 容 欲 夜 | 路 漏 | 乎 呼 遠 鳥 怨 越 少小 尾 麻 男 緒 雄 | 吾 呉 胡 娯 後 籠 児 悟 誤 | 俗 | 土 度 渡 奴 怒 | 煩 菩 番 蕃 |
o 2 | 己 巨 去 居 忌 許 虚 興 木 | 所 則 曾 僧 増 憎 衣 背 苑 | 止 等 登 澄 得 騰 十 鳥 常 跡 | 乃 能 笑 荷 | 方面 忘 母 文 茂 記 勿 物 望 門 喪 裳 藻 | 与 余 四 世代 吉 | 呂 侶 | 其 期 碁 語 御 馭 凝 | 序 叙 賊 存 茹 鋤 | 特 藤 騰 等 耐 抒 杼 |
The distinction between mo 1 and mo 2 can be found in Kojiki (712), but disappeared shortly afterwards.
Examples
The following poem ( waka ) by Princess Nukata from the Man'yōshū (Poem 8, Volume 1) is intended to illustrate the use of Man'yōgana.
These are highlighted in color, with Ongana highlighted in red , Kungana in yellow and Gisho in green . The remaining Chinese characters are used in their concrete meaning and thus not aloud, which means that they are not Man'yōgana.
Japanese | 熟田 津尓 | 船 乗世 武 登 | 月 待者 | 潮毛 可 奈 比沼 | 今者許 藝乞菜 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Transcription | Nigi 1 tatu ni | punano 2 ri semu to 2 | tuki 2 mate ba | sipo mo kanapi 1 nu | ima pa ko 2 gi 1 ide na |
Modern | Nigi tatsu ni | funanori sen to | tsuki mate ba | shio mo kanai 1 nu | ima wa kogi ide na |
translation | In Nigitatsu | we would set sail and | wait for the moon, however | with the tide against us | we have to row now! |
熟 is an example of a gisho , as this character means, among other things, 'to cook, to prepare', which is pronounced niru or in the old Japanese past tense niki 1 - however, this word is usually written with different characters and 熟 is read differently.
Derived Scriptures
From the italic and grass script forms of the Man'yōgana, the syllabary hiragana developed by reducing the number of strokes. Initially only used for poems, notes and private correspondence, it became the preferred script for writing Japanese from 900 onwards. Since hiragana-only texts, i.e. H. Without Kanji, written mainly by women, these are also referred to as Onnade ( 女 手 'women's hand' ) or Onnagana ( 女 仮 名 'women's syllabary' ) and the Man'yōgana, on the other hand, also as otokogana ( 男 仮 名 , men's syllabary ' ).
Katakana developed either from character segments of the italic and grass script forms or the square rule script . It was created in the 9th century to annotate Chinese texts with Japanese reading instructions. Today katakana are mainly used for writing foreign words or for emphasis.
Both have in common that, in contrast to Man'yōgana, a syllable can be written using exactly one character each, so that instead of the 480 Man'yōgana occurring in Man'yōshū, only 48 characters each had to be learned. However, there were also different alternative forms called hentaigana .
See also
Web links
- Tomasz Majtczak: Man'yōgana 万 葉 仮 名 (English)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e Wm. C. Hannas: Asia's Orthographic Dilemma . University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu 1996, ISBN 978-0-8248-1892-0 , pp. 37 ( limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed February 4, 2018]).
- ↑ a b c d 万 葉 仮 名 . In: ジ ャ パ ン ナ レ ッ ジ / Japan Knowledge. NetAdvance, accessed January 27, 2018 (Japanese, excerpts from the dictionaries Kokushi Daijiten ( 国史大 辞典 ) and Sekai Daihyakka Jiten ( 改 訂 新版 ・ 世界 大 百科 事 典 )).
- ↑ a b c d Marc Hideo Miyake: Old Japanese: A Phonetic Reconstruction . Routledge, London, New York 2003, ISBN 0-415-30575-6 , pp. 20-27 .
- ↑ 真 仮 名 . In: Daijirin at kotobank.jp. Retrieved January 27, 2018 (Japanese).
- ↑ inspired by MYS I: 8. In: Waka Poetry. January 20, 2016, accessed January 30, 2018 .
- ↑ 男 仮 名 . In: Daijisen at kotobank.jp. Retrieved January 30, 2018 (Japanese).