Ambiguity problem

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The ambiguity problem is a general problem of data interpretation when different interpretations are possible for the results of a measurement or series of measurements . The equality of these interpretations is also summarized under the term equivalence principle .

Ambiguity problems are of particular importance in geophysical measurements, since the object of investigation - the interior of the earth - is only very costly through drilling and then only accessible directly to a comparatively shallow depth. In geoseismics , for example , travel time curves are highly susceptible to such misjudgments, because their seismic waves are influenced by both the rock density and the modulus of elasticity . Both parameters can generally only be estimated with insufficient accuracy.

Ambiguity problems are also common in potential theory , for example when the field is continued downwards or upwards and when interpreting gravity anomalies or vertical deviations from a geophysical point of view . Because the strong effect of a " disruptive body " (e.g. an ore deposit) can be caused both by its proximity and by a large difference in density with the surrounding rock.

The problem that force fields without additional data usually do not allow conclusions to be drawn about the causing mass or source points is also referred to as the inversion problem of potential theory.

In many cases, however, ambiguity problems can be reduced:

  1. especially through the parallel use of different measurement methods and their comparison, which can mutually compensate for the specific weaknesses of individual methods,
  2. by inferences by analogy for the unknown parameters from similar areas or measurement campaigns
  3. by special selection of the measuring points in the vicinity of already known structures or at a great distance from possible fault lines or other anomalies.

The problem of ambiguity of a socio-psychological nature is found in the conflict situation, in which it is necessary to evaluate several stimuli (actions of others, reactions, etc.) in order to be able to react accordingly. Dealing with or resolving conflicts therefore means managing the contradictions of several stimuli in such a way that they can be used to advantage in a complex situation. (See also ambiguity .)