Memo book
The Memorial Book is one of the oldest traditions of the Dead commemoration in Judaism . Especially in Ashkenazi Jews constitute Memorbücher the source of the soul memory books.
history
development
In the 13th century, memorial records developed into a literary genre . However, the memory books only gained in importance from the middle of the 17th century, because they were not only used as memorial books, but also as prayer collections . Memories books were kept in the synagogue of the respective parish in order to keep the dead days of the deceased parishioners. Another important function of the memory books was to preserve the history of the congregation for the descendants. Thus, the memory books contain not only the names of the deceased, but also special events such as B. Riots against the community.
In the middle ages
Well-known memory books of the Middle Ages are the Nuremberg Memor Book and the Worms Memor Book of 1096 ( persecution of the Jews during the 1st Crusade ) and 1349.
Shoah
An important role was played by the Memorbücher the Shoah , as it detailed a special and provide relatively complete insight into the number of victims. For example, they complement the memorial book of the Federal Archives . Many murders of Jews are referred to as "suicide" in this German memorial book, since the sources are based on archive material from the time of National Socialism. Today's memory books of the Jewish communities or organizations, on the other hand, often try to name the real causes and circumstances of death.
So z. B. from a memorandum that in the pogrom night in Vienna approximately
- 7,000 Jews imprisoned were
- 4600 Jews to Dachau were deported
- 27 Jews were murdered in Dachau
- 680 Jews, the Dachau taken lives have
- 94 Jews committed suicide in Vienna
- 832 Jews committed suicide in 1939
Other previously unknown victims are named in around 500 books describing the persecution of Jews in Germany . The future task of the memory books is also defined by the Holocaust , namely the creation of memorial books for the victims who no longer have a grave or a name because they have been wiped out with their communities.
task
Rabbi Salomon Stein described the nature of the memory books as "the lists of those Jewish communities and individual Jews who were persecuted or destroyed for their faith in the course of the Middle Ages. These ranks of martyrs are on 2 Sabbaths of the year, read out in old congregations and then prayers are said for the souls of these martyrs. "
In the past, every Jewish community kept a memorandum book to keep alive the memory of those people who, according to the Jewish faith , had to pass a test. This kind of memorial book is therefore to be seen as a symbolic testimony to the life and suffering of Jewish people. The names of the deceased as well as their age and date of death, as well as the cause of death, are mentioned in each memory book. Many memory books also contain some prayers such as El male rachamim and Jiskor , which are said on appropriate dates in the Jewish calendar or on the day of the death of the deceased, if this date is known. Some memory books even contain partial (short) accounts of a person's life and deeds.
Origin of name
Some believe that the name Memorbuch derives from the Latin memoria (" memory "). Scientists, on the other hand, emphasize that the term memory book arose after the historical place of storage. In the past, the memory books were stored under the almemor (prayer desk in the synagogue ).
Today, memory books are kept especially with regard to the memory of the Jews who were abducted and murdered in the Shoah and are sometimes also called Yizkor books .
literature
- Henryk Grynberg : Memor Book . WAB, Warsaw 2000, ISBN 83-88221-17-5 .
Web links
- The memorandum of Frankfurt am Main
- The Memor Book of Bonn
- Ashkenaz house
- Memorial book for the Karlsruhe Jews
- Memorial book project for the victims of the Shoah from Aachen eV
- Memo book for the victims of the Shoah in Fürth.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Schwarz, Meier, Märtyrertum im Judentum !, p. 115, in: Bach, Dieter and Barkenings, Hans-Joachim, 1096 - The first crusade and the persecution of the Jews in German cities (conference in cooperation with the Evangelical Church in the Rhineland - Mülheim an der Ruhr March 1–3, 1996), Mülheim an der Ruhr 1996, pp. 112–119
- ^ Adunka, "Austrian Synagogues, A Memorial Book"
- ↑ ashkenazhouse.org ( Memento of the original from March 23, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Stein, Salomon: History of the Jews in Schweinfurt. Two lectures given in the Association for Jewish History and Literature in Schweinfurt. Frankfurt am Main 1899. p. 12.
- ↑ Wolfgang Kraus, Hans-Christoph Dittscheid, Gury Schneider-Ludorff (editor): More than stones ... Synagogue Memorial Volume Bavaria - Part III / 1 (Lower Franconia). Lindenberg 2015. pp. 847 and 853 (glossary).
