Minuscule 2427

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Codex 2427 or minuscule 2427 in the numbering according to Gregory-Aland is an illuminated manuscript of the Gospel of Mark, written in a Greek minuscule script. The manuscript was very difficult to determine palaeographically and was classified between the 13th and 18th centuries until digitized images of the manuscript were published in 2006 and it could be proven that it was a modern forgery .

The codex contains 44 parchment sheets in the format 11.5 × 8.5 cm and is written in one column in a small minuscule font with 21 to 25 lines per page. It contains neither sections nor headings nor the Eusebian Canon , but contains 16 color illustrations. There is no evidence that the code was ever part of an entire Gospel manuscript. The manuscript contains the so-called secondary Mark's conclusion Mark 16: 9-20.

Codex 2427 was found in 1917 in the estate of the Athens antique dealer and collector Johannes Askitopoulos. In 1937 the manuscript came to the library of the University of Chicago, where it has since been held under the call number Ms. 972.

The illustrations are very similar to those in minuscule 777, and Robert S. Nelson says they are copied from this one.

Old Markus version

The text has some omissions (Mark 7.2–5, 8, 11b, 13.28b – 29, 10.29 is shorter). All of these omissions have parallels in other Gospels, and to some scholars they look like original short readings, although no other manuscript supports them.

Words before the double bar || correspond to NA 27 , words afterwards correspond to the reading in the code.

Mk 1,3 Ησαια || Ισαια
Mk 1,14 Γαλιλαιαν || Γαλλιλαιαν
Mk 1,44 Μωυσης || Μωησης
Mk 2,7 ει μη || ει μι
Mk 2,22 οινον ωεον || οινον παλαιον
Mk 2.25 Δαυιδ || Δαυειδ
Mk 2,26 ιερεις || αρχιερεις
Mk 3,17 Βοανεργες || Βουανηργες
Mk 3,18 και Βαρθολομαιον || omission
Mk 3.32 και οι αδελφοι σου και αι αδελφοι σου εξω ζητουσιν σε || omission
Mk 5.1 εις το περαν της θαλασσης || omission
Mk 6.2 και γενομενου σαββατου ηρξατο διδασκειν εν τη συναγωγη || omission
Mk 7.2-5 τους αρτους - οι γαρ Φαρισαιοι… - και επερωτωσιν || τους αρτους και επερωτωσιν
Mk 7.22 ασελγεια || ασελγια
Mk 8.11 συζητειν αυτω, ζητουντες παρ 'αυτου σημειον απο του ουρανου, πειραζοντες || συζητειν αυτω πειραζοντες
Mk 8.12 αμην λεγω υμιν, ει δοθησεται τη γενεα ταυτη σημειον || omission
Mk 9.33 ηλθον || ηλθαν
Mk 9.43 εις την ζωην || εν τη ζωη
Μk 10.22 ην γαρ εχων κτηματα πολλα || ην γαρ πλουσιος
Mk 10.29 ος αφηκεν οικιαν…… και αγρους μετα διωγμων || ος αφηκεν οικιαν η αδελφους η αδελφας η μητερα η πατηρα η αγρους μετα διωγμων
Mk 11.28 η τις σοι || και τις σοι
Mk 13,28b-29 οτι εγγυς το θερος, εστιν ουτως και υμεις οταν ιδητε ταυτα γ οτι το θερος εγγυς εστιν επι θυραις
Mk 14.72 και αναμνησθη ο Πετρος το ρημα || omission

The Greek text of the Codex has long been considered an outstanding testimony to the Alexandrian text type . Ernest Cadman Colwell (1901–1974) recognized that he had an extraordinarily high degree of conformity with the Codex Vaticanus . According to Colwell, the Codex preserved a very original text form of the Gospel of Mark. The text of the Codex was highly regarded by Theodore Cressy Skeat (1907-2003). Kurt Aland put the manuscript in Category I of the manuscripts . The manuscript was collated in 2006 by MM Mitchell and PA Duncan.

Counterfeit

Portrait of Mark the Evangelist and beginning of the Gospel

When the manuscript arrived in Chicago, there were early critics. Robert P. Casey "voiced his suspicions in 1974". In 1988 Mary V. Orna discovered Berlin blue in one of the illustrations (KFe [Fe (CN) 6 ]), which has only been produced since 1704. However, this could not clarify the question of authenticity, because it would have been possible that someone later did not paint over the pictures properly.

In early 2006, the University of Chicago announced that digitized images of the manuscript were being published "to aid research." In February, Stephen Carlson announced his discovery that the Code was a forgery and was so good at proving it in 2006 at the Society of Biblical Literature's annual meeting that no reasonable doubt is no longer possible. The text was copied from Philipp Buttmann's edition of the Greek New Testament of 1860, which is based on the edition of Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209 by Cardinal Angelo Mai . This is obvious, because the forger followed Buttman in 81 of 85 places where this edition deviates from the text of the Codex Vatican. In addition, the scribe of 2427 inadvertently omitted a line in three places (6.2; 8.12; 14.14) and it turns out that the omitted text in each verse corresponds exactly to the line division of Buttmann's edition.

Further microscopic, chemical and codicological examinations in 2009 showed that the code was written in 1874 at the earliest.

What made the text a forgery was the fact that it was carefully crafted in the style of a medieval codex, while in fact it was a very young creation, no older than the late 19th century. The scholars were taken aback by the fact that the text had the closest known relationship to Codex Vaticanus, but came from a much later period. (In fact, the text was virtually identical.) Furthermore, Greek manuscripts of a single gospel are extremely unusual, which further raises the suspicion that it was made as a souvenir.

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ^ MM Mitchell, PA Duncan, Chicago's "Archaic Mark" (MS 2427): A Reintroduction to its Enigmas and a Fresh Collation of its Readings. In: Novum Testamentum. XLVIII, 1 (2006), p. 4.
  2. ^ MM Mitchell, PA Duncan, Chicago's "Archaic Mark" (MS 2427): A Reintroduction to its Enigmas and a Fresh Collation of its Readings. In: Novum Testamentum. XLVIII, 1 (2006), p. 5.
  3. ↑ a b Kurt Aland, Barbara Aland: The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism. Erroll F. Rhodes (translation.). William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids 1995 ISBN 978-0-8028-4098-1 , p. 137.
  4. ^ MM Mitchell, PA Duncan, Chicago's "Archaic Mark" (MS 2427): A Reintroduction to its Enigmas and a Fresh Collation of its Readings. In: Novum Testamentum. XLVIII, 1 (2006), p. 13.
  5. ^ MM Mitchell, PA Duncan, Chicago's "Archaic Mark" (MS 2427): A Reintroduction to its Enigmas and a Fresh Collation of its Readings. In: Novum Testamentum. XLVIII, 1 (2006), pp. 19-35.
  6. ↑ EC Colwell: An Ancient Text of the Gospel of Mark, The Emory University. In: Quarterly. 1 (1945), pp. 65-75; EC Colwell: Some Unusual Abbreviations in ms. 2427. In: Studia evangelica. ed.
  7. ^ MM Mitchell, PA Duncan, Chicago's "Archaic Mark" (MS 2427): A Reintroduction to its Enigmas and a Fresh Collation of its Readings. In: Novum Testamentum. XLVIII, 1 (2006), pp. 1-35.
  8. ↑ Stephen C. Carlson: "Archaic Mark" (MS 2427) and the Finding of a Manuscript Fake. (2006)
  9. ^ Mary V. Orna: Applications of Infrared Microspectroscopy to Art Historical Questions about Medieval Manuscripts. Archaeological Chemistry, 4, pp. 270-288 (1988).
  10. ↑ a b Carlson 2006a
  11. ↑ Mitchell and Duncan 2006
  12. ↑ Ph. Buttman (Ed.): Novum Testamentum Graece. Teubner, Leipzig 1860. Digital copies: [1] , [2] and [3] .
  13. ↑ Stephen C. Carlson: The Nineteenth-Century Copy of “Archaic Mark” (MS 2427). SBL 2006.
  14. ↑ “Chicago's 'Archaic Mark' (ms 2427) II: Microscopic, Chemical and Codicological Analysis Confirms Modern Production” (with Joseph G. Barabe and Abigail B. Quandt).

literature

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