Monomachidae

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Monomachidae
Red monomachidae wasp from Brazil.jpg

Monomachidae

Systematics
Class : Insects (Insecta)
Order : Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera)
Subordination : Waist Wasps (Apocrita)
Proctotrupomorpha
Superfamily : Diaprioidea
Family : Monomachidae
Scientific name
Monomachidae
Ashmead , 1902

The Monomachidae are a small family of hymenoptera with distribution in South America and Australia.

features

They are small to medium-sized wasps with a body length between 10 and 18 millimeters and an elongated body. They are brownish to yellowish in color (a South American species greenish), never black. The round head has elongated, thread-like antennae, which are made up of 15 segments in the female and 14 segments in the male. These sit on a raised antenna base that protrudes over the complex eyes and is close to the clypeus . The mandibles are noticeably large and strong and two or three pointed. The labial probes consist of 5, the maxillary probes of 3 sections. The pronotum is narrow, almost collar-shaped and has a transverse keel. Its rear edge partially overlaps the mesoscutum. The propodeum is elongated, conical without a central keel. The forewings have a small wing mark ( pterostigma ) and a relatively complete veining with at least 5 closed cells, whereby no medial cell is pronounced. The hind wings also have several veins, usually two longitudinal veins next to the marginal vein. The legs have toothless claws, the anterior tibiae one, the middle two and the posterior also two spurs, the posterior also two separated tubercles at the rear edge.

The only weakly sclerotized free abdomen (metasoma or gaster) is unusually elongated and narrow, but not laterally compressed, it is curved sickle-shaped in the female, long-stalked in the male, its shape is characteristic of the family. In the female, the elongated petiolus with clearly separated tergite and sternite is followed by two segments of roughly the same length, which are barely extended compared to it; the second segment is not significantly longer as in the Diapriidae . When viewed from the side, tergites and sternites overlap widely. At the end the guest runs to a point. The ovipositor sits at the end; when at rest it is hidden in the abdomen and not visible.

Way of life

Family biology is poorly known. Since the collections predominantly contain males (around four fifths), the sexes might prefer different habitats. One Australian and two South American species were bred from larvae or pupa cocoons of gun flies (family Stratiomyidae) of the subfamily Chiromyzinae, so that they are possibly specialized parasitoids of these. These are herbivorous (phytophagous), the South American host species Chiromyza vittata is a pest in coffee cultures. The species live in forests and humid habitats from the temperate zone to the tropics.

distribution

Finds are from South America, Australia and New Guinea . In Australia, only the rainy coastal regions in the east and southwest are populated. They are so far unknown from Tasmania. The distribution picture is associated with the former southern continent Gondwana .

Taxonomy, systematics, phylogeny

The family comprises two genera

  • Monomachus wise. (28 kinds)
  • Chasca Johnson & Musetti, with two species from the Andes , the females with strongly shortened, rudimentary wings.

A previously differentiated genus Tetraconus (a species from Brazil, only the type specimen known) was synonymous with Monomachus .

The family was previously assigned to the superfamily Proctotrupoidea. Since Rasitsyn and Sharkey split the formerly considerably larger superfamily, they are now included in the superfamily Diaprioidea. This grouping appears likely both according to morphological features and according to molecular pedigrees based on homologous DNA sequences, even if it was not confirmed in all analyzes (in some cases this appears paraphyletic against Mymarommatidae and / or golden wasps ).

According to a morphological analysis, they could be the most basic family of this superfamily, and thus the sister group of all the others together.

Although the family is considered quite primitive due to the numerous plesiomorphic features, no fossils of it have been found to date.

swell

  • Lubomir Masner: Superfamily Proctotrupoidea. In: Henry Goulet, John T. Huber (Ed.): Hymenoptera of the world, an identification key to families. Agriculture Canada. Research Branch. IV Series: Publication. 1993. ISBN 0-660-14933-8
  • ID Naumann (1985): The Australian species of Monomachidae (Proctotrupoidea), with a revised diagnosis of the family. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 24: 261-274.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ L. Musetti & NF Johnson (2000): First documented record of Monomachidae (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupoidea) in New Guinea, and description of two new species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 102: 957-963. on-line
  2. ^ NF Johnson & L. Musetti (2012): Genera of the parasitoid wasp family Monomachidae (Hymenoptera: Diaprioidea). Zootaxa 3188: 31-41.
  3. ↑ Alexandre P. Aguiar et al. (2013): Order Hymenoptera. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Editor): Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013). Zootaxa, 3703, 1-82.
  4. ↑ John Heraty, Fredrik Ronquist, James M. Carpenter, David Hawks, Susanne Schulmeister, Ashley P. Dowling, Debra Murray, James Munro, Ward C. Wheeler, Nathan Schiff, Michael Sharkey: Evolution of the hymenopteran megaradiation. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Volume 60, 2011, pp. 73-88. doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2011.04.003 .
  5. ↑ Michael J. Sharkey, James M. Carpenter, Lars Vilhelmsen, John Heraty, Johan Liljeblad, Ashley PG Dowling, Susanne Schulmeister, Debra Murray, Andrew R Dean, Fredrik Ronquist, Lars Krogmann, Ward C. Wheeler (2012): Phylogenetic relationships among superfamilies of Hymenoptera. Cladistics 28: 80-112. doi : 10.1111 / j.1096-0031.2011.00366.x
  6. ↑ Seraina Klopfstein, Lars Vilhelmsen, John M. Heraty, Michael Sharkey, Fredrik Ronquist: The Hymenopteran tree of life: Evidence from protein-coding genes and objectively aligned ribosomal data. In: PLoS ONE Volume 8, No. 8, 2013, p. E69344. doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0069344 .
  7. ↑ a b Michael S. Engel, Jaime Ortega-Blanco, Carmen Soriano, David A. Grimaldi, Xavier Delclòs (2013): A New Lineage of Enigmatic Diaprioid Wasps in Cretaceous Amber (Hymenoptera: Diaprioidea). American Museum Novitates Number 3771: 1-23. doi : 10.1206 / 3771.2

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