Muhammad Aref

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Muhammad Aref ( Pashtun محمد عارف; Russian Мухаммед Ареф ; * 1907 ; † 1983 in Germany) was an Afghan ambassador and minister .

Life

In 1940 he replaced Muhammad Ghaus as wing commander of the troops in Kabul. Muhammad Aref was Minister of Defense from 1952 to December 6, 1955. His loyalty to Mohammed Sahir Shah also convinced Mohammed Daoud Khan , who drove him and his suspected supporters out of government in December 1955, had Muhammad Aref arrested after he resigned on December 6, 1955, and took over his resort as defense minister. On January 27, 1956, Mohammed Sahir Shah confirmed the newly formed government cabinet.

Muhammad Aref was ambassador to Belgrade from 1960 to February 24, 1961 . From February 24, 1961 to 1973 he was ambassador to Moscow . On March 31, he presented Anastas Mikoyan with his credentials in the Kremlin . Mohammed Daoud Khan advocated the annexation of the tribal areas under federal administration and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in northwestern Pakistan , with their predominantly Pashto- speaking population, to Afghanistan. In 1961, Pakistan responded by closing the border with Afghanistan. In inland Afghanistan, this led to an economic orientation towards the Soviet Union . It became the main trading partner and the main military ally of Afghanistan. In a speech in 1971, Aref was able to show that nothing had tarnished Soviet-Afghan relations since the 1921 treaty.

literature

  • Ludwig W. Adamec: A Biographical Dictionary of Contemporary Afghanistan. Academic printing and Publishing house, Graz 1987

Individual evidence

  1. Ludwig W. Adamec : Historical and political who's who of Afghanistan. Volume 7, Academic Printing and Verlagsanstalt, 1975, p. 297 ( excerpt )
  2. Народы Азии и Африки. Spending 4-6, Институт востоковедения (Академия наук СССР) Институт народов Азии (Академия наук СССР) Изд-во Академии наук СССР, 1971, p 239 ( excerpt )
  3. Ludwig W. Adamec: Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan. 2012, ISBN 978-0-8108-7815-0 , p. XXXIX ( digitized version )
  4. Michael Herb: All in the family. Absolutism, revolution, and democracy in the Middle East. 1999, ISBN 0-7914-4168-7 , p. 202 ( digitized version )
predecessor Office successor
1947: Mohammed Daoud Khan
1948: General Muhammad Umar
Afghan Defense Minister
1952 to December 6, 1955
Mohammed Daoud Khan
Afghan ambassador in Belgrade
1960 - February 24, 1961
1965; Dr. Abdul Hakim Tabibi
Shah Alami Afghan Ambassador to Moscow
посол Афганистана в Советском Союзе
February 24, 1961 to 1973
Muhammed Yusuf