Muhammad Aref

Muhammad Aref ( Pashtun محمد عارف; Russian Мухаммед Ареф ; * 1907 ; † 1983 in Germany) was an Afghan ambassador and minister .

Life

In 1940 he replaced Muhammad Ghaus as wing commander of the troops in Kabul. Muhammad Aref was Minister of Defense from 1952 to December 6, 1955. His loyalty to Mohammed Sahir Shah also convinced Mohammed Daoud Khan , who drove him and his suspected supporters out of government in December 1955, had Muhammad Aref arrested after he resigned on December 6, 1955, and took over his resort as defense minister. On January 27, 1956, Mohammed Sahir Shah confirmed the newly formed government cabinet.

Muhammad Aref was ambassador to Belgrade from 1960 to February 24, 1961 . From February 24, 1961 to 1973 he was ambassador to Moscow . On March 31, he presented Anastas Mikoyan with his credentials in the Kremlin . Mohammed Daoud Khan advocated the annexation of the tribal areas under federal administration and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in northwestern Pakistan , with their predominantly Pashto- speaking population, to Afghanistan. In 1961, Pakistan responded by closing the border with Afghanistan. In inland Afghanistan, this led to an economic orientation towards the Soviet Union . It became the main trading partner and the main military ally of Afghanistan. In a speech in 1971, Aref was able to show that nothing had tarnished Soviet-Afghan relations since the 1921 treaty.

literature

Ludwig W. Adamec: A Biographical Dictionary of Contemporary Afghanistan. Academic printing and Publishing house, Graz 1987

Individual evidence

↑ Ludwig W. Adamec : Historical and political who's who of Afghanistan. Volume 7, Academic Printing and Verlagsanstalt, 1975, p. 297 ( excerpt )
↑ Народы Азии и Африки. Spending 4-6, Институт востоковедения (Академия наук СССР) Институт народов Азии (Академия наук СССР) Изд-во Академии наук СССР, 1971, p 239 ( excerpt )
↑ Ludwig W. Adamec: Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan. 2012, ISBN 978-0-8108-7815-0 , p. XXXIX ( digitized version )
↑ Michael Herb: All in the family. Absolutism, revolution, and democracy in the Middle East. 1999, ISBN 0-7914-4168-7 , p. 202 ( digitized version )

predecessor	Office	successor
1947: Mohammed Daoud Khan 1948: General Muhammad Umar	Afghan Defense Minister 1952 to December 6, 1955	Mohammed Daoud Khan
	Afghan ambassador in Belgrade 1960 - February 24, 1961	1965; Dr. Abdul Hakim Tabibi
Shah Alami	Afghan Ambassador to Moscow посол Афганистана в Советском Союзе February 24, 1961 to 1973	Muhammed Yusuf

personal data
SURNAME	Aref, Muhammad
BRIEF DESCRIPTION	Afghan diplomat and politician
DATE OF BIRTH	1907
DATE OF DEATH	1983
Place of death	Germany

[1] Ludwig W. Adamec : Historical and political who's who of Afghanistan. Volume 7, Academic Printing and Verlagsanstalt, 1975, p. 297 ( excerpt )

[2] Народы Азии и Африки. Spending 4-6, Институт востоковедения (Академия наук СССР) Институт народов Азии (Академия наук СССР) Изд-во Академии наук СССР, 1971, p 239 ( excerpt )

[3] Ludwig W. Adamec: Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan. 2012, ISBN 978-0-8108-7815-0 , p. XXXIX ( digitized version )

[4] Michael Herb: All in the family. Absolutism, revolution, and democracy in the Middle East. 1999, ISBN 0-7914-4168-7 , p. 202 ( digitized version )