Mutualism
Mutualism (Latin: mutuus = mutual, reciprocal) describes a form of interrelationship in which all the individuals involved benefit from the behavior of the others. The use of the term ranges from ecology to behavioral biology , anthropology and ethics to (historical) sociology .
In German, mutualism is sometimes distinguished as beneficial cooperation or mutual help without taking advantage of the other from the symbiosis , which is vital for at least one of the partners involved. In English, both terms are largely used synonymously.
biology
→ Main article: Mutualism (biology)
In biology, mutualism describes the coexistence of different species, in which the benefit for one side does not bring harm to the other, as is the case between predator and prey or between parasite and host.
sociology
→ Main article: Mutualism (economics)
In historical sociology, mutualism is understood as a form of cooperative system in the 19th century based on voluntary mutual support and restriction of competition . Pierre-Joseph Proudhon made the mutualism to the base of an anarchic understood socialism . The sociologists Émile Durkheim and René König later discussed this mutualism. More generally and more oriented towards exchange behavior, one speaks in sociology of a reciprocity of relationships.
In the English-speaking world, the catchphrase "new mutualism" refers to newer forms of cooperative or freelance cooperation.
literature
- Julian Nida-Rümelin, Irina Spiegel, Markus Tiedemann (eds.): Handbook Philosophy and Ethics. Volume 2, Schönigh, Paderborn 2015, ISBN 978-3-8252-8691-0 , p. 114ff.
Individual evidence
- ^ Johnston Birchall (Ed.): The New Mutualism in Public Policy , Routledge, London 2001. ISBN 978-0-415-24130-4