Nanophyinae
| Nanophyinae | ||||||||||||
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Illustration by Nanophyes marmoratus |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Nanophyinae | ||||||||||||
| Gistel , 1848 |
The Nanophyinae are a subfamily within the long beetle family . The togetherness of the group is clear due to the uniform morphology. However, different views exist about their rank and taxonomic position within the superfamily Curculionoidea . In the past, many entomologists viewed it as a separate family. The group includes around 310 species in 33 genera worldwide. 87 species occur in the Western Palearctic , 12 of them also in Central Europe.
features
They are small beetles between 0.75 and 5 millimeters in length, the majority being less than 2.5 millimeters long. They are often black in color, but can be partly or entirely yellowish-straw-colored or red-brown. The blue-metallic colors that are often characteristic of the Apioninae , however, never appear. Many species have distinctive markings that often consist of cross bars. The body shape forms a closed oval: the wing covers are strongly rounded at the sides and reach their greatest width near their center. The pronotum is transverse (wider than long), widest at the base (that is the rear edge) and conically narrowed towards the front. The result is a closed body contour in which no angle or shoulder is formed between the pronotum and the wing covers. The anterior angles of the wing covers are not drawn out into protruding "shoulders" either. In many species, the wing covers leave the last tergite of the abdomen as pygidium completely or partially free, in some species only in the males. The basal margin of the pronotum and the elytra is covered with a number of small, mostly black-colored teeth that are never missing, but are sometimes difficult to see (e.g. genus Hypophyes ).
The head is also broader than long when viewed from above, it has a pair of mostly quite large eyes, which are often brought closer together on the dorsal side. The trunk is narrow with an almost round cross-section and usually long (longer than the head and pronotum together), but there are some species with a similarly built, but shortened trunk. It can be straight or slightly curved. In all species, the female's trunk is noticeably longer than that of the male. The antennae are turned on the side of the trunk, mostly near the middle of the trunk. They consist of a greatly elongated shaft link , an angled (kneeled) four or five-part antenna whip and a three-part antenna lobe (outside of Europe there are few genera with six-segment antenna whip). The penultimate flagellum member is modified (regardless of the number of members), it is built asymmetrically, usually widened and moved closer to the club, which sometimes looks four-membered, sometimes even five-membered with another member. Sometimes the limbs of the club are fused into a compact segment without seams. In many species, the club is loosely structured and elongated, it can clearly exceed the length of the flagellum.
The legs are almost always long and strongly built, with club-shaped thickened thighs , which have mostly tooth-shaped projections in the middle on the underside, very often one large and several small teeth. The trochanters of the legs are noticeably elongated, so the splints ( tibia ) do not sit on the inner corner, but on their tips, so that the legs and splints have no contact with one another. The splints are usually flat, a little wider towards the front and serrated in the males in the inner apex angle.
Way of life
As is typical for weevil larvae, the larvae of the Nanophyinae develop inside plant tissue. Some species mine in the tissue of the stem, but especially often from flower buds or fruit systems. However, very many species are gall formers . Only one larva lives per gall. Most species of the family are very host-specific, they only occur on a single plant species or genus ( monophag or oligophag ). The most common species in Central Europe, Nanophyes marmoratus, is bound to purple loosestrife , other European species live on tamarisks ( Tamarix ) and thick-leaf plants (Crassulaceae). Many tropical species of East Asia are specialists in the ovules of wing fruit plants (Dipterocarpaceae) and can significantly influence the seed set in some species.
distribution
Nanophyinae are distributed almost worldwide. They are absent in the south of America, from Mexico to the south.
Economic importance
The species Nanophyes marmoratus was introduced to the USA in 1994 for the biological control of purple loosestrife and is now established and naturalized there. Purple loosestrife was introduced to North America as a neophyte , where it causes serious ecological damage in wetlands. Another species, Hypophyes pallidulus , is being investigated to control neophytic tamarisks in the United States.
Systematics
The Nanophyinae were traditionally regarded as a subfamily of the weevils (Curculionidae), but this position is definitely incorrect due to numerous features, especially the original structure of the male genitals (with tectum). The line has some striking similarities with the Apioninae , especially the matching construction of the legs with an elongated trochanter. Numerous systematists therefore regard them as their sister group. In addition to the different body shape (not the characteristic "pear shape" of the Apioninae) and color, they can be distinguished from them at first glance by the kneeling antennae. In addition to being an independent family, other taxonomists, such as the Apioninae, regard them as a subfamily of the Brentidae family , and occasionally also as a subfamily of the Apionidae themselves, which then belong to the family.
The sister group relationship with the Apioninae on the basis of morphological characteristics appears to be well founded. Molecular pedigrees (based on homologous DNA sequences) confirm this position in part, but in part also resulted in positions deviating from it.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Miguel A. Alonso-Zarazaga: 3.6.4 Nanophyinae Gistel 1848. In: Richard AB Leschen & Rolf G. Beutel (ed.): Handbook of Zoology. Arthropoda: Insecta. Coleoptera, Beetles, Vol. 3. Morphology and Systematics (Phytophaga). Walter De Gruyter, Berlin / Boston 2014, pp. 416–423 ISBN 978-3-11-027370-0
- ↑ Michiko Nakagawa, Takao Itioka, Kuniyasu Momose, Tohru Nakashizuka (2005): Insect predators of diperocarp seeds. In: David Roubik, Shoko Sakai, Abg Abdul Hamid (editors): Pollination Ecology and the Rain Forest: Sarawak Studies. Ecological Studies, Vol. 174.
- ↑ CHC Lyal & LM Curran (2003): More than black and white: a new genus of nanophyine seed predators of Dipterocarpaceae and a review of Meregallia Alonso-Zarazaga (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea: Nanophyidae). Journal of Natural History Volume 37, Issue 1: 57-105 doi: 10.1080 / 713834392
- ↑ B. Blossey & TR Hunt: Mass Rearing Methods for Galerucella calmariensis and G. pusilla (Coleoptera: ChrysomeIidae), Biological Control Agents of Lythrum salicaria (Lythraceae). Journal of economic entomology, 92, 2, pp. 325-334, 1999
- ^ B. Blossey (2002): 11. Purple Loosestrife. In: R. Van Driesche et al .: Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the Eastern United States, USDA Forest Service Publication FHTET-2002-04, 413 p.
- ↑ R. Sobhian, L. Fornasari, JS Rodier, S. Agret (1998): Field Evaluation of Natural Enemies of Tamarix spp. in Southern France. Biological Control 12: 164-170.
- ↑ MA Alonso-Zarazaga (2007): On terminology in Curculionoidea (Coleoptera). Boletín Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa, no 40: 210.
- ↑ MA Alonso-Zarazaga & CHC Lyal (1999): A World Catalog of families and genera of Curculionoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) excluding (Scolytidae and Platypodidae). (Entomopraxis). 315 pp. ISBN 978-84-605-9994-4
- ^ Rolf G. Oberprieler, Adriana E. Marvaldi, Robert S. Anderson: Weevils, weevils, weevils everywhere. Zootaxa, 1668, pp. 491-520, 2007
- ↑ Patrice Bouchard, Yves Bousquet, Anthony E. Davies, Miguel A. Alonso-Zarazaga, John F. Lawrence, Chris HC Lyal, Alfred F. Newton, Chris AM Reid, Michael Schmitt, S. Adam Ślipiński, Andrew BT Smith (2011 ): Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta). ZooKeys 88: 1-972. doi: 10.3897 / zookeys.88.807
- ↑ DD McKenna, AS Sequeira, AE Marvaldi, BD Farrell (2009): Temporal lags and overlap in the diversification of weevils and flowering plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 106: 7083-7088.
- ↑ Aneta A. Ptaszyńska, Jacek Łętowski, Sebastian Gnat, Wanda Małek (2012): Application of COI Sequences in Studies of Phylogenetic Relationships Among 40 Apionidae Species. Journal of Insect Science 12 (16): 1-14. doi: 10.1673 / 031.012.1601 (open access)
- ↑ Anna K. Hundsdoerfer, Joachim Rheinheimer, Michael Wink: Towards the phylogeny of the Curculionoidea (Coleoptera): Reconstructions from mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 248, 1, pages 9–31, 2009 doi: 10.1016 / j.jcz.2008.09.001
literature
- MA Alonso-Zarazaga: Revision of the supraspecific taxa in the Palaearctic Apionidae Schoenherr, 1823 (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea). 1. Introduction and subfamily Nanophyinae Seidlitz, 1891. Fragmenta Entomologica, 21, 2, pages 205-262, 1989
- R. Formanek & L. Melichar: The soot genus Nanophyes and their species. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, 35th year, 3–4, pages 5–79. download (PDF; 1.2 MB)