Netiv HaGdud (Epipalaeolithic Settlement)

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Netiv Hadgud is an epipalaeolithic settlement ( PPNA , subgroup Sultanian ) in the Jordan Valley . It is located about 10 km north of Jericho on the edge of the Salibija basin at 180 m on the site of the kibbutz of the same name in the West Bank . The deposits are at least 3 m thick and cover an area of ​​one hectare. The settlement mound is partially buried under the debris of Wadi Bakar. The settlement was discovered in 1977 when a storage basin was being built by officials of the military government for Judea and Samaria and excavated between 1983 and 1986.

Dating

A charcoal sample ( tamarind ) from the profile showed a 14 C age of 8230 ± 300 BC (uncal.), Which corresponds to the period between 8160-6470 BC cal. A sample from a pipe trench on the edge of the settlement was 7840 ± 380 BC (uncal.) dated, ie between 7651–5985 BC cal., which seems too late for a PPNA settlement.

settlement

Five round to oval houses were discovered (Loci 10, 20, 21 and 30; Locus 40 not initially excavated), their diameters were between 4 and 7 m. The walls were made of limestone. They were around 30 cm wide and 25 cm high. One house (locus 30) had double walls. The excavators assume that the rising part was perhaps made of adobe bricks . Two of the houses had pebble floors. No inputs were recorded in the cut. In and directly next to house 10 there were two stone-lined pits. In addition, storage pits lined with clay could be recorded.

Finds

Finds are generally sparse. There are disk axes with nachgeschärfter cutting, El-Khiam tips , diameter of type Beit Ta'amir with sickle gloss found and chisel, further miniature axes of green stone, stone beads, pistils and arrow shaft from basalt . Obsidian from Göllü Dağ in Anatolia has been identified as a raw material . 76 flint artifacts and rock tools retouched on both sides were examined for signs of use . No signs of use were found on any of the rock axes, but this is probably a methodological problem. Limestone figurines resemble those from Nahal Oren , El Khiam , Mureybit, and Gilgal .

Economy

Wheat remains were discovered in the deep cut. Animal bones are rare and poorly preserved, with gazelles in particular. Wild ducks dominate among the birds.

Burials

The remains of 28 people were discovered. Stool burials predominate, and skull burials have also been proven.

literature

  • Ofer Bar-Yosef, Ari Gopher: An early Neolithic village in the Jordan Valley Part 1, The archeology of Netiv Hagdud. In: Bulletin of the American School of Prehistoric Research 43. Cambridge MA, Peabody Museum of Archeology and Ethnology, Harvard University 1997. ISBN 0873655478 .
  • Ofer Bar-Yosef, Ari Gopher, Adrian Nigel Goring-Morris: Netiv Hagdud: A “Sultanian” mound in the lower Jordan valley. In: Paléorient 6, 1980, pp. 201-206 ( JSTOR 41432211 ).
  • Anna Belfer-Cohen, Baruch Arensburg, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Avi Gopher: Human Remains from Netiv Hagdud - A PPNA Site in the Jordan Valley. In: Mitekufat Haeven, Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society , 1990, pp. 79-85 ( JSTOR 23373285 ).
  • Eitan Tchernov : An early Neolithic village in the Jordan Valley Part 2, The fauna of Netiv Hagdud. In: Bulletin of the American School of Prehistoric Research 44. Cambridge MA, Peabody Museum of Archeology and Ethnology, Harvard University 1994. ISBN 0873655486 .
  • Richard W. Yerkes, Ran Barkai, Avi Gopher, Ofer Bar Yosef: Microwear analysis of early Neolithic (PPNA) axes and bifacial tools from Netiv Hagdud in the Jordan Valley, Israel. In: Journal of Archaeological Science 30/8, 2003, pp. 1051-1066.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Anna Belfer-Cohen, Baruch Arensburg, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Avi Gopher: Human Remains from Netiv Hagdud - A PPNA Site in the Jordan Valley. In: Mitekufat Haeven, Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society , 1990, p. 79 ( JSTOR 23373285 ).
  2. ↑ laboratory Number RT 502 C; Ofer Bar-Yosef, Ari Gopher, Adrian Nigel Goring-Morris: Netiv Hagdud: A “Sultanian” mound in the lower Jordan valley. In: Paléorient 6, 1980, p. 201.
  3. ↑ 95.4% probability of Oxcal
  4. ↑ Laboratory number RT 502 A. For further data s. http://context-database.uni-koeln.de
  5. ↑ 95.4% probability of Oxcal
  6. ^ Ofer Bar-Yosef, Ari Gopher, Adrian Nigel Goring-Morris: Netiv Hagdud: A “Sultanian” mound in the lower Jordan valley. In: Paléorient 6, 1980, p. 201.
  7. ↑ Ofer Bar-Yosef, Avi Gopher, Eitan Tchernov, Mordechai E. Kislev, Netiv Hagdud: An Early Neolithic Village Site in the Jordan Valley. In: Journal of Field Archeology 18/4, 1991, p. 411 ( JSTOR 530405 ).
  8. ^ Ofer Bar-Yosef, Ari Gopher, Adrian Nigel Goring-Morris: Netiv Hagdud: A “Sultanian” mound in the lower Jordan valley. In: Paléorient 6, 1980, p. 202.
  9. ^ Richard W. Yerkes, Ran Barkai, Avi Gopher, Ofer Bar Yosef: Microwear analysis of early Neolithic (PPNA) axes and bifacial tools from Netiv Hagdud in the Jordan Valley, Israel. In: Journal of Archaeological Science 30/8, 2003, pp. 1051-1066
  10. ^ Ofer Bar-Yosef, Avi Gopher, Eitan Tchernov, Mordechai E. Kislev, Netiv Hagdud: An Early Neolithic Village Site in the Jordan Valley, Journal of Field Archeology 18/4, 1991, 422. JSTOR 530405
  11. ^ Ofer Bar-Yosef, Ari Gopher, Adrian Nigel Goring-Morris: Netiv Hagdud: A “Sultanian” mound in the lower Jordan valley. In: Paléorient 6, 1980, p. 205.
  12. ^ Anna Belfer-Cohen, Baruch Arensburg, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Avi Gopher: Human Remains from Netiv Hagdud - A PPNA Site in the Jordan Valley. In: Mitekufat Haeven, Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society , 1990, p. 80 ( JSTOR 23373285 ).