Neurodiversity

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Autism rainbow infinity
The rainbow colored infinity sign represents both the diversity of the autism spectrum and the larger neurodiversity movement.

According to the 2011 National Symposium on Neurodiversity held at Syracuse University (New York), neurodiversity (“neurological diversity”) denotes a concept in which neurobiological differences are viewed and respected as one human disposition among others; atypical neurological developments are classified as natural human differences. Since the concept includes people of any neurological status, all people are to be regarded as neurodivers, the term neuro-minority ("neurominority") refers to people who are not neurotypical as a minority .

The concept of neurodiversity thus understands autism , AD (H) D , dyscalculia , dyslexia and dyspraxia as a natural form of human diversity , which is subject to the same social dynamics as other forms of diversity, and thus turns against a pathological connotation. Accordingly, the neurodiversity movement generally rejects a pathological view of neuro-minorities.

terminology

Neurodiversity is made up of two terms:

  • The Neurology ( ancient Greek νεῦρον neuron, German, nerve 'and -logie , teaching') as a science and doctrine of the nervous system is a branch of medicine ;
  • Diversity (Latin diversitas - "difference" or "difference") becomes neurodiversity in the present connection and means neurological diversity.

Neurodiversity is an approach that addresses learning and disability and emphasizes that neurological differences arise as a result of normal genetic variation . Differences in neurological equipment are thus understood as manifestations of social diversity, as well as gender , ethnicity , sexual orientation or disability.

history

Emergence

The neologism of neurodiversity emerged in the late 1990s as a criticism of the prevailing view that neurological diversity is inherently pathological. It has its origins in the neurodiversity movement and dates from the 1990s. Its origin is attributed to Judy Singer, an Australian social scientist who researches autism and relates this concept formation to a new neurological self-awareness.

Some authors also attribute the term to the earlier work of autism advocate Jim Sinclair, who was one of the key organizers of the early international online community of autism. Sinclair's 1993 “Don't Mourn For Us” speech mentioned that some parents described their child's diagnosis of autism as “one of the most traumatic things that ever happened to them”. Sinclair (who did not speak before the age of 12) addressed this shared grief of the parents by asking them to take the autistic perspective themselves: “There is no normal child hidden behind autism. Autism is a way of being. He is constant; he colors every experience, every perception, every thought, every feeling and every encounter, every part of an existence. "

use

An article in the New York Times of 30 June 1997 used the term flower Neurodiversity not, but he formulated the basic idea with the description "neurological pluralism" (neurological pluralism) :

“Yet, in trying to come to terms with an NT [neurotypical] -dominated world, autistics are neither willing nor able to give up their own customs. Instead, they are proposing a new social compact, one emphasizing neurological pluralism. … The consensus emerging from the Internet forums and Web sites where autistics congregate […] is that NT is only one of many neurological configurations - the dominant one certainly, but not necessarily the best. "

“Even when they try to deal with an NT [neurotypical] -dominated world, autistic people are neither willing nor able to give up their own way of life. Instead, they propose a new culture of living that emphasizes neurological pluralism. ... Being neurotypical is only one of many neural possibilities - the dominant, but not necessarily the best, according to the consensus from the Internet forums and websites where autistic people gather [...]. "

- Harvey Blume : New York Times

The term first appeared in a September 30, 2008 article by journalist Harvey Blume in The Atlantic (which did not associate him with Singer):

“Neurodiversity may be every bit as crucial for the human race as biodiversity is for life in general. Who can say what form of wiring will prove best at any given moment? Cybernetics and computer culture, for example, may favor a somewhat autistic cast of mind ”

“Neurodiversity can be just as critical to the human species as biodiversity is to life in general. Who can predict which type of networking will turn out to be the best for a given moment? For cybernetics and computer culture, for example, something like an autistic outlook could have a positive effect. "

- Harvey Blume : The Atlantic

A 2009 study by Edward Griffin and David Pollak divided 27 students (with autism, dyslexia, developmental coordination disorder, ADHD, or stroke) into two categories of self-image: on the one hand, a difference perspective - among which neurodiversity was seen as a difference that Includes strengths and weaknesses; the other, a 'medical / deficit' perspective - under which neurodiversity was viewed as an adverse medical condition. Griffin and Pollack found that although all students described difficult school careers equally - due to exclusion, abuse and bullying -; however, those who viewed themselves from a 'difference perspective' (41% of students) showed "greater academic confidence and confidence in their abilities, and many (73%) expressed serious career ambitions with positive and clear goals." Many of students reported that they had gained this point of view through contact with advocates of the neurodiversity movement in online help groups.

At the 15th World Congress of Inclusion International (2010) the concept of neurodiversity was brought into connection with the social disability model. Social conditions are brought to the center of consideration and research, in which every single person participates. Neurodiversity and impairment are also addressed as topics. According to statements from the congress, this is about the recognition of the diversity of the biological background that results from the new knowledge about rare forms of neurodiversity. This also represents a step away from the “accusation of mothers” or the refrigerator mother theories of the 20th century.

According to Pier Jaarsma (2011), neurodiversity is a “controversial concept” that “regards atypical neurological developments as normal human differences.” According to the National Symposium on Neurodiversity, these differences may include those with dyspraxia , dyslexia , attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder , dyscalculia , Autism Spectrum, Tourette's Syndrome, and others.

Nick Walker said in 2012 that there is no such thing as a "neurodiverse individual" because the concept of neurodiversity encompasses all people of all neurological status. Accordingly, all people are neuro-diverse. Walker thinks the term neuro-minority (“neurominority”) is “a good, non-pathological word to refer to a minority of people who are not neurotypical .” He also said that people with other neurological styles are “marginalized and bad in the dominant culture ”. Walker suggests distinguishing between neurodiversity as an overarching construct and the paradigm of neurodiversity - the "understanding of neurodiversity as a natural form of human diversity that is subject to the same social dynamics as other forms of diversity."

For Georg Theunissen (2015), neurodiversity is a concept that can be benefited from, as it enables stigmata and a definition of deficits to be discarded. From this point of view, it is more a question of otherness, which is associated with skills and possibilities. An obstruction can be prevented or at least reduced without a restricted view.

autism

ASAN sees autism as a neurological variation of a form of human being, i.e. as neurodiversity, so deficit-oriented terms such as autism or disorders are rejected and person-centered terms such as autistics are used instead. The concept of neurodiversity thus puts the question of the cause of autism in the background. More and more people with autism speak up who regard autism as a manifestation of human existence among others. They demand a social change that draws the necessary consequences from it.

With regard to autism, the definition given in Nick Walker's book The real experts has been translated into several languages ​​and is used internationally:

“Autism is a genetically-based human neurological variant. [...] Autism is a developmental phenomenon, meaning that it begins in utero and has a pervasive influence on development, on multiple levels, throughout the lifespan. Autism produces distinctive, atypical ways of thinking, moving, interaction, and sensory and cognitive processing. "

“Autism is a genetic human neurological variant. [...] Autism is a developmental phenomenon, which means that it starts in the womb, is innate and has a profound influence on development at various levels throughout the life cycle. Autism causes characteristic, atypical modes of thinking, movement, interaction, and sensory and cognitive processing. "

- Nick Walker : The Real Experts: Readings for Parents of Autistic Children

Theunissen describes the role of Markram's theory on autism in research as leading in People in the Autism Spectrum .

“The Intense World Syndrome suggests that the autistic person is an individual with remarkable and far above average capabilities due to greatly enhanced perception, attention and memory. ... It may well turn out that successful treatments could expose truly capable and highly gifted individuals. "

“The Intensive World Syndrome suggests that autistic people are people with remarkable and outstanding abilities due to their above-average perception, attention and memory. ... It may well be that under successful treatment they will develop into highly gifted individuals. "

- Henry Markram, Tania Rinaldi, Kamila Markram : Froniers in Neuroscience

This leads to typical behavior of autistic people. The neural patterns resulting from this connection are individual. This explains the diversity of autistic people. He describes allegedly congenital deficits as a result of negative events in the life of autistic people. Only when excessive demand occurs, which is remembered as stressful and processed as hostile, this occurs. In his work, Theunissen relates this theory to the possibility of successful human rights-based inclusion in the sense of neurodiversity. In order to treat autistic people in a beneficial way so that they develop successfully, a neuronally suitable environment is required that can offer familiarity, calm, manageability and predictability. The additional drugs recommended by Markram are considered critical because they can block the abilities. It is pointed out that concepts are required that enable participation without creating a low-irritant cocoon.

An online survey from 2013 included the following statement:

“Such a deficit-as-difference conception of autism suggests the importance of harnessing autistic traits in developmentally beneficial ways, transcending a false dichotomy between celebrating differences and ameliorating deficit”

"Such a conception of deficit-as-difference implies that it is important to consider autistic characteristics from their developmentally advantageous point of view and thus to overcome a false dichotomy between celebrating differences and ameliorating deficits"

- Steven Kapp : Cite Journal

background

The explanation of what autism is in the pathological model is based on three main theories, the theory of mind (1985), the theory of weak central coherence (1989) and executive dysfunction (1991). In these works, the deficits that result for autistic people from these theories in the areas of perception, thought and action are clearly addressed. Since 2005 it has been described in various works that these interpretations from the hypotheses are not unambiguous. In the concept of neurodiversity, the results from the hypotheses are viewed differently from this fact. and therefore there is talk of a changed perceptual style of autistic persons and deficits are no longer regarded as a clear characteristic of autism.

In the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM; English Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) and the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD, English International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health problem ) is the autism spectrum disorder described and firmly anchored in the pathological model. The majority of the population believes that autism is a disease that requires medical treatment.

The concept of neurodiversity, on the other hand, turns in the direction of a pedagogy that treats autistic children as a healthy part of human diversity and pays attention to barriers so that the environment is neuronally appropriate. The supporters of the neurodiversity movement justify this in the fact that the models mentioned are not able to grasp what autism is, the cause is still unknown, even if the science continues to discuss it.

Controversy

The concept of neurodiversity is controversially discussed: On the one hand, when it comes to the question of whether there is any point in dividing people into different neuro types; Here, individual and cultural development are examined more closely. On the other hand, aspects of self-perception and perception of others as well as disability models are discussed.

Social and cultural aspects

Since the identification of diagnoses by means of magnetic resonance imaging (abbreviated MRT or MR for short), it has been possible to subdivide human diversity into certain brain areas with their functions. These images influence personality development and cultural change. The subdivision into "neurodiversities" as different neurotypes can affect society in different ways.

Studies from 2014 hypothesized how autistic brains emerged. It is considered certain that differences from neurotypical brains exist from a very early age. The variation in development is controversial in terms of reactions to it. The tendency is to keep the medical model and to move towards the social model of disability. The assessment of the findings and the conclusions drawn from them differ drastically.

Whether people identify with neurodiversity varies. It can be observed that this neuro-identity assignment sometimes causes enmity between the "types". The cause is believed to be due to a lack of self-reflection and self-criticism, as well as a tendency to submit to neurological and human models. “Neuro-fatalism” can also be observed; people see their innate biology as unchangeable, they see themselves as a person "type". The MRI images describe a state with which the patients identify as their own fate, which they also experience; identification with the diagnosis takes place. In the last 30 years, the differentiation into pathological neurotypes in some areas of society has already led to a recognizable “autism phobia”.

Medical aspects

In Germany, the Bismarck model currently exists in the health sector. A change to other financing models depends on tax revenue and political decisions. Through diagnoses, possibilities of help are opened up in the various social areas. Even if this results in a pathological view of neuro-minorities, this stigma is viewed differently. Some people affected , who then also feel affected, identify with it and welcome it because they are seen in the problems and suffering that they experience in real life. They are in dire need of help and medical professionals like themselves see the medical model of disability as an asset. This is due to the fact that it has been established since the 19th century and works largely effectively.

Difficulties are known within the medical disability model, as the application and the process of assigning assistance to those affected are in some cases not designed to be barrier-free. Help does not necessarily reach those in need, which leads to a controversial discourse that has not yet been resolved. Theunissen also describes many things in his book as dreams of those with disabilities, which the UN-CRPD strives for and thus also makes possible, but which have not yet been implemented by means of a universal design.

Unresolved Discourses

Representatives of the medical model of disability refer to psychological differences that they see as pathological as "disorders, deficits or dysfunctions", which as such generally require treatment. David Pollak - the author of the previous reference - sees "neurodiversity as an inclusive term that expresses the equivalence of all psychological states". There is no consensus here either in terms of consideration or execution. Some suggest that the term neurodiversity sounds too medical to represent diversity without a pathological character.

The authors also disagree on whether problems cannot arise in the concept of neurodiversity if all neurodiversity is viewed as pure difference. They propose a narrow conception of neurodiversity that applies only to highly functional autistic people. Here too, the reason lies in the established Bismarck model, since at the moment in particular early childhood autistics without diagnosis would not receive any support. They therefore reject the immediate establishment of a broader understanding. Adult autistics also confirm the necessity of diagnosis and their need for treatment and assistance in order to cope with problems in making a living, maintaining social contacts, planning action and motor skills. The established parent and professional associations in the autism area have specialized in this for decades and have built up and worked out a corresponding support and treatment system based on the medical disability model. The current concepts of inclusion follow up on this practice, even if neurodiversity is considered as a concept.

The pathological consideration of deviations from the norm can also be dangerous for autistic people, if a prenatal abortion would be possible. This is rejected by many autistic people; an eradication of the autistic neurotype is so far only advocated by a few. Nevertheless, it is considered necessary to invest more money in research into ways that could enable universal design according to the social disability model and thus a healthy and happy life.

(*)“Together with Austria, Germany is one of the pioneering countries in terms of social security. Its beginnings go back to the middle of the 19th century: health insurance was established in 1883, accident insurance a year later and old-age and disability insurance in 1889. Unemployment insurance was not established until 1927. The then Reich Chancellor Bismarck primarily wanted to counteract the danger of a revolution from the 'social democratic camp' by introducing the social security laws. In the course of the industrial revolution, the economic and social problems had increased dramatically, such as the increase in the risk of accidents in factories. The social question in Germany came to a head. Bismarck found a political answer to this with the introduction of the social security system. Contrary to his ideas, however, the insurance laws of the 1880s strengthened the workers' organizations and improved their options for political action - not least through their participation in the self-administration of social insurance. "

See also

literature

  • Nick Walker: The Real Experts: Readings for Parents of Autistic Children . 1st edition. Autonomous Press, 2015, pp. 106 .
  • Steve Silberman: Ingenious disruption . 2nd Edition. DuMont Buchverlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2017, ISBN 978-3-8321-9845-9 , p. 608 .
  • Thomas Armstrong: Neurodiversity: Discovering the Extraordinary Gifts of Autism, ADHD, Dyslexia, and Other Brain Differences . Da Capo Lifelong, Boston, MA 2010, ISBN 978-0-7382-1354-5 , p. 288.
  • Thomas Armstrong: Neurodiversity in the Classroom: Strength-Based Strategies to Help Students with Special Needs Succeed in School and Life . Association for Supervision & Curriculum Development, Alexandria, VA 2012, ISBN 978-1-4166-1483-8 , p. 188.
  • Steve Silberman: Neurodiversity Rewires Conventional Thinking About Brains . Wired. Retrieved May 7, 2013.
  • Felix Hasler: Neuromythology: A pamphlet against the interpretive power of brain research . 4th edition. Transcript, 2013, ISBN 978-3-8376-1580-7 , pp. 254 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b What is Neurodiversity? . National Symposium on Neurodiversity at Syracuse University. 2011. Retrieved October 2, 2012. (1st Symposium, August 2011, keynote speech by Ari Ne'eman , Founding President of the Autistic Self Advocacy Network)
  2. ↑ a b c d e P. Jaarsma, S. Welin: Autism as a Natural Human Variation: Reflections on the Claims of the Neurodiversity Movement Archived from the original on September 3, 2013. (PDF) In: Health Care Anal . 20, No. 1, February 2011, pp. 20-30. doi : 10.1007 / s10728-011-0169-9 . PMID 21311979 .
  3. ↑ a b c d Nick Walker: Julia Bascom (Ed.): Loud Hands: Autistic People, Speaking . The Autistic Press, Washington, DC 2012, ISBN 978-1-938800-02-3 , pp. 154-162.
  4. ^ A b c Autism as a Natural Human Variation: Reflections on the Claims of the Neurodiversity Movement . Linköping University. Retrieved November 5, 2014.
  5. ^ Francisco Ortega: The Cerebral Subject and the Challenge of Neurodiversity . Ed .: BioSocieties. tape 4 , no. 4 , 2009, p. 425-445 .
  6. ↑ a b c Biopolitics of the brains | Gene. May 5, 2010. Retrieved July 12, 2017 .
  7. ^ A b Andrew Solomon: The autism rights movement . In: New York , May 25, 2008. Archived from the original on May 27, 2008. Retrieved May 27, 2008. 
  8. ^ Andrew Fenton, Tim Krahn: Autism, Neurodiversity and Equality Beyond the Normal (PDF). Journal of Ethics in Mental Health 2.2 (2007), 1-6. November 10, 2009.
  9. ↑ a b Jim Sinclair: Don't Morn For Us. Autism Network International, n.d. Retrieved May 7, 2013.
  10. ↑ Harvey Blume: Autistics, freed from face-to-face encounters, are communicating in cyberspace . In: The New York Times , June 30, 1997. Retrieved November 8, 2007. 
  11. ↑ Harvey Blume: Neurodiversity . In: The Atlantic , September 30, 1998. Retrieved November 7, 2007. 
  12. ^ A b c Edward Griffin, David Pollak: Student experiences of neurodiversity in higher education: Insights from the BRAINHE project . In: Dyslexia . 15, No. 1, January 2009, pp. 23-41. doi : 10.1002 / dys.383 . PMID 19140120 .
  13. ^ Germain Weber: 15th World Congress of Inclusion International. (PDF) University of Vienna - Faculty of Psychology, June 19, 2010, accessed on July 16, 2017 .
  14. ^ Kristen Bumiller: The Geneticization of Autism: From New Reproductive Technologies to the Conception of Genetic Normalcy. Chicago Journals . University of Chicago Press, Signs 34.4 (2009), pp. 875-899.
  15. ↑ Georg Theunissen, Wolfram Kulig, Vico lamp, Henriette Paetz: Handlexikon Autismus-Spektrum . 1st edition. Kohlhammer, 2014, ISBN 978-3-17-023431-4 , pp. 274 .
  16. ↑ Reinmar Stass: Identification of barriers to the school participation of autistics. White Unicorn eV, November 1, 2016, accessed on July 14, 2017 .
  17. ^ Neurodivergence . In: neuroqueer . March 24, 2016 ( wordpress.com [accessed March 21, 2018]).
  18. ↑ Neurodiversity and Autopilot | ASPIErin. Retrieved on March 21, 2018 (German).
  19. ↑ Hanno Böck: Autism epidemic leads to bad studies. Retrieved on March 21, 2018 (German).
  20. ↑ What Is Autism? Retrieved March 22, 2018 (American English).
  21. ↑ Autism - what is it? A definition by Nick Walker. Retrieved March 22, 2018 .
  22. ^ Nick Walker: Readings for Parents of Autistic Children . In: Autonomous Press . Accessed in 2015. 
  23. ^ Henry Markram, Tania Rinaldi, Kamila Markram: The Intense World Syndrome - an Alternative Hypothesis for Autism . In: Froniers in Neuroscience . 1, No. 1, 2007 October 15, pp. 77-96.
  24. ↑ Georg Theunissen: People in the Autism Spectrum: Understand, Accept, Support . Kohlhammer Verlag, 2014, ISBN 978-3-17-025395-7 ( google.de [accessed on July 13, 2017]).
  25. ↑ Steven K. Kapp, Kristen Gillespie-Lynch, Lauren E. Sherman, Ted Hutman: Deficit, difference, or both? Autism and neurodiversity. . In: Developmental Psychology . 49, No. 1, January 2013, pp. 59-71. doi : 10.1037 / a0028353 . PMID 22545843 .
  26. ^ Stefan Lautenbacher, Siegfried Gauggel: Neuropsychology of mental disorders . Springer-Verlag, September 8, 2010 ( google.de [accessed July 15, 2017]).
  27. ↑ Sally Ozonoff, Bruce F. Pennington, Sally J. Rogers: Executive Function Deficits in high functioning Autistic Individuals: Relationship to theory of mind . In: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry . tape 32 , no. 7 , November 1, 1991, pp. 1081-1105 ( wiley.com [accessed July 15, 2017]).
  28. ↑ Asperger's autism and highly functional autism in adults - Psychology in special education and rehabilitation - Psychology, psychotherapy and psychiatry - Books - Hogrefe, Verlag für Psychologie. Retrieved July 15, 2017 .
  29. ↑ Christoph Müller: Autism and Perception. A world of colors and details . 1st edition. Tectum, Marburg November 15, 2007 ( amazon.de [accessed July 15, 2017]).
  30. ↑ a b Georg Theunissen: People in the Autism Spectrum: Understanding, Accepting, Supporting . Kohlhammer Verlag, 2014, ISBN 978-3-17-025395-7 ( google.de [accessed on July 13, 2017]).
  31. ^ Happe, F. Autism: cognitive deficit or cognitive style? Trends Cogn. Sci. 3, 216-222 (PDF Download Available). Retrieved July 15, 2017 .
  32. ↑ Development of Theory of Mind and Executive Control. Retrieved July 15, 2017 .
  33. ↑ a b c Felix Hasler: Neuromythology: A pamphlet against the interpretive power of brain research: A pamphlet against the interpretive power of brain research . 4th edition Transcript, Bielefeld 2013, ISBN 978-3-8376-1580-7 ( amazon.de [accessed on July 11, 2017]).
  34. ↑ a b Steve Silberman: Ingenious Disorder: The Secret History of Autism and Why We Need People Who Think Different . DUMONT Buchverlag, 2016, ISBN 978-3-8321-8925-9 ( google.de [accessed on July 12, 2017]).
  35. ↑ a b Autism Causes: What We Know and What Not . In: Autism Culture . ( autismus-kultur.de [accessed on July 13, 2017]).
  36. ↑ a b ESH files criminal charges against FRG for genocide | Self-help. Retrieved on July 13, 2017 (German).
  37. ^ A b Jon Hamilton: Shortage of Brain Tissue Hinders Autism Research . Retrieved May 10, 2015.
  38. ↑ a b Deutscher Ärzteverlag GmbH, editorial office of Deutsches Ärzteblatt: Autism: Early diagnosis with the MRI in the first year of life . ( aerzteblatt.de [accessed on July 13, 2017]).
  39. ↑ a b Bundesverband Autismus Deutschland eV: Inclusion. (PDF) Retrieved July 13, 2017 .
  40. ↑ L. Chow, Maureen P. Boyle, Susan M. Sunkin, Peter R. Mouton: Patches of Disorganization in the Neocortex of Children with Autism. Ed .: New England Journal of Medicine. tape 370 , no. 13 , March 27, 2014.
  41. ↑ MRIs predict which high-risk babies will develop autism as toddlers: This first-of-its-kind study used MRIs to image the brains of infants, and then researchers used brain measurements and a computer algorithm to accurately predict autism before symptoms set in . In: ScienceDaily . ( sciencedaily.com [accessed July 16, 2017]).
  42. ↑ Heather Cody Hazlett, Hongbin Gu, Brent C. Munsell, Sun Hyung Kim, Martin Styner: Early brain development in infants at high risk for autism spectrum disorder . Ed .: Nature. tape 542 , no. 7641 , February 16, 2017, p. 348-351 .
  43. ^ Hermann Faller, Hermann Lang: Medical Psychology and Sociology . Springer-Verlag, 2016, ISBN 978-3-662-46615-5 ( google.de [accessed on July 13, 2017]).
  44. ↑ a b Online manual: Inclusion as a human right: 1994 to 2011: Present. Retrieved July 13, 2017 .
  45. ^ Josef Schmid: The German social security system: the Bismarck model . In: Welfare States in Comparison . VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2010, p. 129–146 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-531-92548-6_4 ( springer.com [accessed July 13, 2017]).
  46. ↑ Georg Theunissen: People in the Autism Spectrum: Understand, Accept, Support . Kohlhammer Verlag, 2014, ISBN 978-3-17-025395-7 ( google.de [accessed on July 13, 2017]).
  47. ^ A b David Pollak: Neurodiversity in Higher Education. John Wiley & Sons, 2009.
  48. ↑ Denise Linke: Abortion: Our Abortion Mania . In: The time . September 24, 2014, ISSN  0044-2070 ( zeit.de [accessed August 5, 2017]).