Novgorod Kremlin

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Walls of the Novgorod Kremlin

The Novgorod Kremlin ( Russian : Новгородский кремль ) or Detinez ( Детинец ) is the historic round castle in Veliky Novgorod located on the left bank of the Volkhov . The first written mention of Novgorod Castle was in 1044 (the wall was first built from wood). Today the complex is an architectural monument protected at the federal level. As part of the historic city of Novgorod, it is now an object of world heritage by UNESCO . The Novgorod Kremlin should not be confused with the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin .

architecture

The Kokuj Tower

The Kremlin stands on a hill about ten meters above the Volkhov . It has the shape of an oval stretched in a north-south direction and slightly vaulted from the bank. The total length of its outer walls is 1487 meters, the length from north to south about 565 meters and the width from west to east about 220 meters. The total area of ​​the Kremlin is 12.1 hectares.

Walls and towers

The walls were built from bricks and limestone lumps. The thickness of the walls varies between 3.6 and 6.5 meters depending on the location. The height varies between 8 and 15 meters. A special feature of the Novgorod Kremlin is the erection of churches above the gate entrances. The main role was played by the Novgorod archbishops, while the elected princes had no connection with the construction of the Kremlin. However, the aristocratic council of the Novgorod Republic met in the Gothic Facet or Bishops Chamber , which was part of the complex of the Bishop's Palace.

Today the walls, which were restored in the 1950s and 1960s under the direction of A. Vorobyov, have the appearance of the 15th century.

Not all the names of the towers in use today are historical. The towers Dworzowaja, Knjaschaja, Kokuj and Mitropolitschja got their names only at the turn of the 20th century. Each tower is divided into several floors, which were connected to each other by wooden stairs. Each tower had an exit to the battlements on the Kremlin wall, while the lower floors were used to store ammunition. In addition, the towers were equipped with devices for lifting artillery and ammunition.

Received towers

St. Sophia Cathedral (1045-1050)
The Magdeburg Gate (Магдебургские врата) of the St. Sophia Cathedral
  • Spasskaya Tower, (Savior Tower). Built around 1297.
  • Dvortsovaya Tower (Palace Tower)
  • Knjaschaja-Turm (Prince's Tower)
  • Kokuj - the tallest tower in the Kremlin. Built under Peter the Great
  • Pokrovskaya Tower, 1305 (Tower of the Protection of the Virgin Mary). Built around 1305.
  • Zlatoustovskaya Tower ( Chrystosomos Tower )
  • Mitropolitschja-Turm (Metropolitan Tower)
  • Fyodorovskaya Tower (Fyodor Tower)
  • Vladimirskaya Tower (Vladimir Tower). Built around 1311.

Towers not preserved

Some towers were destroyed. In place of the Pretschistenskaya and Voskressenskaya towers, large entrance arches were built.

  • Prechistenskaya Tower
  • Borisoglebskaya Tower ( Boris and Gleb Tower )
  • Voskressenskaya Tower (Tower of Resurrection). Built around 1296

Gates

  • Tajnichnye water gate
  • Boyar water gate

Buildings in the wall

Gothic meeting room of the Bishops Chamber
white: Boris and Gleb Cathedral
black: Andreas Stratelates Church

Monuments

literature

  • М. Х. Алешковский. Новгородский Детинец 1044 - 1430-х гг. (по материалам новых исследований) // Архитектурное наследство. №14. М., 1962, стр. 3 - 26.
  • А. Н. Кирпичников. Кремли России и их изучение. // Кремли России. "Государственный историко-культурный музей-заповедник" Московский Кремль "". Материалы и исследования. Вып. XV. М., 2003, стр. 44-52.
  • Н. Н. Кузьмина, Л. А. Филиппова. Крепостные сооружения Новгорода Великого. СПб, 1997.
  • С. В. Troyanovsky. О некоторых результатах раскопок в Новгородском Кремле в 1992 - 96 гг. // Новгород и новгородская земля. История и археология. Новгород, 1998, стр. 58-70
  • В. Л. Янин. О продолжительности строительства новгородского кремля конца XV ​​в. // Советская археология, 1978, № 1, стр. 259-260.

Web links

Commons : Novgorod Kremlin  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Coordinates: 58 ° 31 ′ 18 ″  N , 31 ° 16 ′ 34 ″  E