Oralism
As oralism the method of solely on the use of is spoken language based communication - education of not listening ( "deaf") or hard of hearing referred children involving the use of sign language is largely dispensed with and instead the formation of speech sounds and lip-reading in the foreground stand.
A distinction is made between “pure” oralism, in which any use of signs is strictly prohibited, and “mild” oralism with the partial use of gestures commonly used by hearing people or finger alphabet .
Since 1950 the electrotechnical exploitation of a remaining hearing ability through hearing aids or cochlear implants has been added, combined with intensive listening training , whereby under " auditory-verbal education " the visual perception of mouth movements in the initial stage is completely avoided.
The term "(pure) spoken language education" is synonymous with oralism.
Word origin
The adjective "oral" is etymologically derived from the Latin os, oris ( mouth ) and means "oral". From this word the nouns “Oralismus” and “Oralist” can be formed and from this in turn “oralistic”; "Oralist" is also used in a derogatory sense by non-hearing or hard-of-hearing people.
history
Oral language education began at the end of the 18th century by Samuel Heinicke in Germany, Jacob Rodrigues Pereire in France and Thomas Braidwood in Great Britain and was refined under Moritz Hill and Johannes Vatter in the 19th century in Germany. It found widespread use in many countries, which led to the decision of the Congress of Deaf-Mute Teachers in Milan in 1880 to give absolute preference to speaking and reticle only in lessons with deaf children and to ban sign language from teaching: non-hearing teachers became teachers either fired or discontinued. As a result, sign language was banned for a long time in most schools for non-hearing or hard-of-hearing children.
In the USA , Alexander Graham Bell , articulation teacher and inventor of the "deaf-hostile" telephone, vehemently advocated "pure" oralism and used the Volta Prize he won for the invention of the telephone to propagate oralism.