Orienteering map

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An orienteering map , often abbreviated orienteering map , a topographical map , specifically for use in orienteering was drawn. Orienteering maps are characterized by a particularly large scale (usually 1: 10,000 or 1: 15,000) and high accuracy, and they also differ from conventional topographical maps by special signatures that are defined by the International Orienteering Association .

Requirements

The map is the orienteer's most important tool. In order to be able to guarantee fair competitions, an orienteering map must show exactly all the characteristics of the terrain that could influence the runner's choice of route in any way. In particular, the walkability of the terrain and the visibility are therefore important information that must be readable from the map. The detailed representation also means that it quickly becomes obsolete (changes to the vegetation, creation of new paths, ...) so that maps can no longer be usable after a short time. For larger competitions, therefore, extra new maps are usually drawn.

Orienteering maps must be able to withstand the stresses and strains of a run and must therefore be made of good, mostly waterproof paper or otherwise protected from moisture and damage, for example by foil.

Scale, projection and signatures

Signatures (excerpt)

The scale of orienteering maps is usually 1:15,000 or 1:10,000. For long distance competitions, maps on a smaller scale are used, for middle distance and relay races the scale 1:10,000 can also be used. Separate rules apply to sprint competitions, here larger scales, 1: 5,000 or 1: 4,000, are used. The equidistance , i.e. the vertical distance between adjacent contour lines , is five meters; in particularly flat terrain, 2.5 meters can also be used.

Orienteering maps use an oblique angular cylindrical projection that takes magnetic declination into account. The card is thus aligned with the magnetic north lines at regular intervals, this Northern lines are also plotted on the map to the Einnorden easier.

The signatures of orienteering maps are divided into five groups: Terrain shapes, including the contour lines, are shown in brown, waters are shown in blue. Rocks and stones as well as structures are drawn in black or gray, the colors green and yellow are intended for the representation of the vegetation. In contrast to most commercially available topographic maps, forests are not shown in green, but in white; shades of green symbolize thickets of varying degrees of flowability. Since the representation of the runnability is important for fair competitions, even the direction of the best runnability in a forest can be shown. Open terrain is drawn in different shades of yellow. Information of the respective run is printed in red-violet, i.e. the posts , start, finish, refreshment and medical points as well as compulsory routes or restricted areas. Technical symbols are shown in black, sometimes also in blue. These include the north lines, but also absolute heights and names of geographical objects, which are of secondary importance on orienteering maps and are only rarely shown.

For other variants of orienteering, for example mountain bike orienteering , ski orienteering or trail orienteering, as well as for sprint and park runs, maps that are similar but differ in scale and individual signatures are used. Ski orienteering maps are less detailed, the shape of the ground is simplified and the cross-country ski trail network and its condition are precisely represented with special symbols. Up-to-date map material is particularly necessary for this. Mountain bike orienteering maps are also drawn more roughly and partly also on a smaller scale. For trail orientation, on the other hand, as in sprint, maps are used on a larger scale, which are particularly detailed.

Manufacturing

Orienteering maps are recorded and drawn by experienced orienteers. Photogrammetric surveys of the terrain as well as existing map material can be used as a map basis , but an exact site inspection is essential.

Today the maps are mostly drawn in electronic form, a program specially developed for this purpose is OCAD , which is now also used in general cartography apart from orienteering.

history

Historical orienteering map from 1897

In the early years of orienteering, existing topographic maps (e.g. national maps) were used, which were mostly drawn on a smaller scale (up to 1: 50,000). The first orienteering run as it is today, held in Norway in 1897, for example, was carried out on a map on a scale of 1:30 000 with an equidistance of 20 meters. Until the 1930s, poor map material was available by today's standards, so that hardly any races demanding in terms of orientation could be held; only later did more detailed maps increase the importance of orientation technology.

The years after the Second World War were marked by further professionalization, so in 1948 a map created entirely for orienteering only was used for the first time in Norway, the first colored map followed in 1950. From 1966 the orienteering maps were standardized by the international orienteering federation to to ensure greater fairness in international competitions. In 2007 the special signatures for sprint cards were regulated.

literature

Web links

  • Map on OL-wiki.de
  • History of orienteering maps (PDF; 8.5 MB), László Zentai, 12th International Conference on Orienteering Mapping, August 21, 2007, Kiev

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Björn Persson, Andreas Dresen, Søren Nielsen, Christopher Shaw, László Zentai: International Specification for Orienteering Maps . Ed .: International Orienteering Federation . 2000, p. 2 (English, International Specification for Orienteering Maps 2000 [PDF; accessed on November 7, 2010]). International Specification for Orienteering Maps 2000 ( Memento of the original dated November 26, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.orienteering.org
  2. ↑ a b c Roland Seiler: Of ways and detours . Information processing and decision-making in orienteering. In: Subject: Psychology and Sport . bps, Cologne 1990, ISBN 3-922386-38-5 , p. 22-23 .
  3. ^ A b Ian Bratt: Orienteering . Training - technique - competition. 1st edition. Pietsch, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-613-50447-2 , p. 27 (English, original title: Orienteering. The essential guide to equipment and techniques . Translated by Hermann Leifeld).
  4. ↑ a b c d Björn Persson, Andreas Dresen, Søren Nielsen, Christopher Shaw, László Zentai: International Specification for Orienteering Maps . Ed .: International Orienteering Federation . 2000, p. 4–8 (English, International Specification for Orienteering Maps 2000 [PDF; accessed November 7, 2010]). International Specification for Orienteering Maps 2000 ( Memento of the original dated November 26, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.orienteering.org
  5. ^ A b International Orienteering Federation (Ed.): Competition Rules for International Orienteering Federation (IOF) Foot Orienteering Events 2012 . 2012, p.  15–16 (English, IOF Foot Orienteering Competition Rules 2012 [PDF; 341 kB ; accessed on May 22, 2012]).
  6. ^ Ian Bratt: Orienteering . Training - technique - competition. 1st edition. Pietsch, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-613-50447-2 , p. 68–73 (English, original title: Orienteering. The essential guide to equipment and techniques . Translated by Hermann Leifeld).
  7. ^ Ian Bratt: Orienteering . Training - technique - competition. 1st edition. Pietsch, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-613-50447-2 , p. 20 (English, original title: Orienteering. The essential guide to equipment and techniques . Translated by Hermann Leifeld).
  8. ↑ Steven Boga: Orienteering . The Sport of Navigating with Map & Compass. Stackpole, Mechanicsburg 1997, ISBN 978-0-8117-2870-6 , pp. 1 ( Google Books [accessed November 8, 2010]).
  9. ^ The historic controls of the world. (No longer available online.) Center for Orienteering History, archived from the original on September 21, 2010 ; accessed on November 14, 2010 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.orienteering-history.info
  10. ↑ Swiss Society for Cartography (ed.): History of the orienteering map . Autumn conference 2003. 2003, p. 3 ( online [PDF; accessed January 1, 2011]). online ( Memento of the original from May 18, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kartographie.ch
  11. ↑ International Orienteering Federation map commission (ed.): International Specification for Sprint Orienteering Maps (ISSOM) . 2006, p.  6 (English, International Specification for Sprint Orienteering Maps [PDF; accessed December 24, 2010]). International Specification for Sprint Orienteering Maps ( Memento of the original dated December 18, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.orienteering.org