Participium coniunctum

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The participle coniunctum or abbreviated PC is a syntactic structure in Latin , in which a past participle with an antecedent in case, number and gender congruent (coincident). The noun (usually a noun or a pronoun ) also has the role of a clause , the participle has a predicative function to the reference noun. The participle group is sentence-valued, so it behaves like a sentence in which the noun forms the subject and the participle the predicate. Additional objects or adverbial statements, which are part of the participle construction, can appear between the noun and the participle.

The pc is formed with the different participle forms of the verb. Syntactically, it usually has the function of an adverbial , which could also be expressed by a prepositional phrase or a subordinate clause with a finite verb . It is to be distinguished from other affinite constructions such as the ablative absolutus and from the inflected forms gerundive and gerundium . The PC differs from the ablativus absolutus in that the reference noun in the ablativus absolutus is not a clause with its own syntactic function.

The PC is widely used, especially in written Latin. PC constructions can also be found in other Indo-European languages . In German it is represented by a prepositional construction , an adverbial subordinate clause or a coordinated main clause , and more rarely also by a relative clause . That means in classification, subordination and substantiation.

Using the PC in Latin

The pc uses the three Latin participle forms PPP , PPA and PFA :

  • PPP = “participium perfecti passivi” or Latin-German “Partizip perfect passive” (passive perfect participle): to express prematurity
  • PPA = “participium praesentis activi” or Latin-German “present participle active” (active present participle): simultaneously.
  • PFA = "participle futuri activi" or Latin-German "participle future tense active" (active Futurpartizip ): nachzeitig (often in finalem understand sense)

Examples

  1. Use of the PPP to express prematurity:
    • without PC: Tantalus, qui in Tartarum missus erat, poenas persolvit.
    • with PC: Tantalus in Tartarum missus poenas persolvit. "Tantalus, who was sent to the underworld, suffered punishments."
  2. Use of the PPA to express simultaneity:
    • without PC: Flaminius legiones contra Hannibalem duxit atque cum equo concidit.
    • with PC: Flaminius legiones contra Hannibalem ducens cum equo concidit. "Flaminius led legions against Hannibal and fell on his horse."
  3. Use of the PFA to express postponement:
    • Without a PC: Gladiatores, qui morientur, te salutant.
    • with PC: Gladiatores morituri te salutant. "The gladiators who are going to die greet you."

Translation options

There are various translation variants that can be used as desired. The above translations are strictly based on the examples without a PC and therefore could be improved. The PC allows numerous stylistic embellishments:

a) literally :

  1. with apposition (noun attributive in the case of the reference word):
    • premature: Tantalus, sent to the underworld, suffered punishments.
    • at the same time: Flaminius, leading the legions against Hannibal, fell on his horse.
    • afterwards: Those who will die greet you. [PFA can never be directly translated into German!]
  2. with attribute :
    • premature: Tantalus, who was sent to the underworld, suffered punishments.
    • at the same time: Flaminius, leading the legions against Hannibal, fell on his horse.
    • afterwards: The dying greet you. [extremely unusual]

b) with main clauses , coordinating = classifying (emphasizing): observe the sequence!

  • premature: Tantalus was sent to the underworld and then suffered punishments.
  • at the same time: Flaminius led legions against Hannibal and fell on his horse.
  • afterwards: The gladiators greet you and will then die.

Perfect participle expression always before, present participle expression as desired, future participle always after.

c) with subordinate clauses, subordinating : mostly multilateral design options, here too the consecutio temporum (sequence of tenses) must be observed.

Examples:

  1. Relative clause (introduced by "der, die, das"):
    • premature: Tantalus who was sent to the underworld suffered punishments.
    • at the same time: Flaminius, who led the legions against Hannibal, fell on his horse.
    • afterwards: Those who will die greet you.
  2. Temporal clause :
    • premature: After / when / ... Tantalus was sent to the underworld, he suffered punishments.
    • at the same time: While / as / ... Flaminius led the legions against Hannibal, he fell with his horse.
    • afterwards: Before they die, they greet you.
  3. The types of sentences discussed are the most common. Often others are also possible,

such as B. a causal clause (justification clause) with “because” or “there” in the example for prematurity et cetera. However, one should beware of experiments that are too vague.

d) sometimes nominalization (often leads to prepositional expression ) appropriate:

  • premature: After Tantalus was sent to the underworld, he suffered punishments.
  • at the same time: During a campaign by Flaminius against Hannibal, the former fell on his horse.
  • afterwards: The doomed greet you.

With this option, it is not always possible to identify translation variants that are really correct in terms of content. In any case, this must be considered before using the discussed eventuality, but also when making the selection.

In the cases treated so far, only the nominative was used; the participle construction can also appear in other cases. An important feature in the application is that there is no form of esse , ie “to be” next to the participle (which would be an indication of a perfect, past perfect or future II passive form).

Differentiation from other constructions

The pc must not be confused with the ablative absolutus , which, in contrast to the former, would be split off from the rest of the sentence construction. "Ablativus absolutus" accordingly means "distant, detached ablative" (ablative = 6th case). PPA and PPP would also be possible here. However, this ablative absolutus could logically only be in the 6th case. Another feature is the total, absolute independence from the rest of the sentence. The translation is done in the same way.

Example : PC, at the same time:

Quam rem animadvertens rex iit.
Noticing the matter , the king went.
When the king saw the matter, he left.

Example : ablativus absolutus:

Qua re considerata rex iit.
After the matter was considered , the king left.

(The form PPP ablative Sg. Feminine cannot be formed from "animadvertere".)

There is always a perpetrator with the ablativus absolutus - another difference to the PC. In this example, the king is the culprit. In the case of the ablativus absolutus, one must always pay attention to who the perpetrator is, who is not necessarily present on the PC.

Differentiating between gerunds and gerunds is easy. One can distinguish gerund and gerundive from the PC by the "nd" form. This is derived from the infinitive and is also declinable.

Example : pareo, -es, -ere, -ui = obey, ...

parenda = gerund in 1st / 5th / 6th Case Sg. Fem.

Analog participles, as they are in Abl. Section. and PC occur:

parens = PPA in 1st / 5th Case Sg.
parente = PPA in the 6th case Sg.
parita = PPP in 1st / 5th / 6th Case Sg. Fem.
paritura = PFA in 1st / 5th / 6th Case Sg. Fem.

PC in other languages

Also in modern Indo-European languages the PC is used in a similar way as in Latin, for example in French (participle italic )

Confrontée à la vérité, l'accusée avouait ses péchés.

instead of

Puisqu'elle était confrontée à la vérité, l'accusée avouait ses péchés.

Both mean: "After being confronted with the truth, the accused confessed her sins."