Passive-aggressive personality disorder

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Classification according to ICD-10
F60.8 Other specific personality disorders - passive-aggressive
ICD-10 online (WHO version 2019)
This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.
This article or section needs to be revised. Details should be given on the talk page. Please help to improve it , and then remove this flag.

The following important information is missing from this article or section:
Unfortunately no differential diagnosis. If PAPS is claimed or diagnosed, it does not have to be purely fictional, but there could actually be a clinically relevant disorder, e.g. B. Depression. What does the specialist literature say about it? Which disorders are easily mistaken for PAPS?
Help Wikipedia by researching and pasting it .

The passive-aggressive or negativistic personality disorder is characterized by a deep pattern of negativistic attitudes and passive resistance to suggestions and performance requirements, which come from other people. Affected people are particularly noticeable for their passive resistance to requirements in the social and professional area and for the often unjustified assumption that they are misunderstood, treated unfairly or excessively accountable.

In psychological research it is debatable whether such a personality disorder even exists. The American Psychiatric Association has removed it from its current classification system, DSM-5 , while it is still listed in the ICD system of the World Health Organization as “other specific personality disorders”. The diagnosis of the passive-aggressive personality arose in the Second World War , when soldiers u. a. refused to work at the front.

description

A passive-aggressive personality disorder is defined as defiant behavior , which is often found in puberty, but also manifests itself. There is no separate DSM code (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders), and in the ICD-10 and its predecessors, the disorder is only listed in F60.8, but not described in detail. It is quite uncommon to diagnose this disorder outside of the United States, and there is still no large-scale research. Therefore, the diagnosis should be very careful, if at all.

Characteristic of this personality disorder is the resistance to demands with a consistently negative, fearful and derogatory attitude. This is an attitude that supports people, but at the same time offers passive resistance to demands. They are often only capable of solving interpersonal problems and reconciliation in a cynical-pessimistic manner.

It could be an attempt to express anger in social relationships in an inappropriate verbal and non-verbal way that does not or rarely leads to resolution. Either those affected have not learned socially appropriate skills in dealing with anger and anger or they are afraid that the implementation of their own needs will be inhibited or hindered. The negativistic personality is characterized by a special ambivalence of simultaneously observable (nonetheless) approval and (nonetheless) refusal, i.e. need satisfaction and need suppression. It is characterized by a high level of activity with which the avoidance behavior is rationally justified and enforced externally.

People with passive-aggressive personality disorder often feel misunderstood by others, can complain about personal unhappiness (which they often unknowingly stage themselves) and are often grumpy and contentious contemporaries. They show excessive criticism, even contempt, of authorities, which does not improve their position. You encounter people who have obviously drawn a happier lot with envy, resentment, resentment or a strange, in any case incomprehensible interplay between hostile defiance and (sometimes almost submissive) remorse.

The ambivalence in thinking and acting and the low self-esteem that arises from such an attitude (constant external devaluation ultimately turns into devastating self-devaluation) often lead to arguments and disputes with the environment. Personal disappointments are often projected onto others.

Negativeistic personalities often see themselves as peaceful and consider their passive-aggressive nature to be socially compatible.

diagnosis

Classification according to DSM

DSM-III-R

A consistent pattern of passive resistance to demands for adequate social and professional performance. It begins in early adulthood and the disorder manifests itself in a wide variety of areas of life. At least five of the following criteria must be met:

  1. starts deceleration maneuvers, d. H. Things are postponed so long that deadlines can no longer be met
  2. becomes grumpy, irritable, or argumentative when asked to do something he doesn't want to do
  3. seemingly deliberately working slowly or doing poorly the work he does not want to do
  4. complains for no reason that others are making senseless demands on him
  5. avoids fulfilling duties and insists on having “forgotten” them
  6. believes he is doing his job better than others believe
  7. resents other useful suggestions for increasing his productivity
  8. hinders efforts of others by not doing his job
  9. responds to those in authority with undue criticism or contempt

DSM-IV

The following important information is missing from this article or section:
PAP appears in DSM-IV (just like the depressive personality disorder, by the way) only in the appendix, ie as a suggestion. Please check and mark correctly here if necessary.
Help Wikipedia by researching and pasting it .

A profound pattern of negativistic attitudes and passive resistance to demands for adequate performance that begins in early adulthood and occurs in a variety of contexts, indicated by at least four of the following criteria:

  1. passively opposes the fulfillment of routine social and professional tasks
  2. complains of being misunderstood and disregarded by others
  3. is grumpy and argumentative
  4. inappropriately criticizes and despises authorities
  5. expresses envy and resentment towards those who are obviously more fortunate
  6. complains exaggeratedly and persistently about personal unhappiness
  7. alternates between hostile defiance and remorse

This diagnosis is not made if the behavior occurs during a depressive episode or is due to a dysthymic disorder .

literature

  • Jody E. Long, Nicholas J. Long, Signe Whitson: The angry smile. The psychology of passive-aggressive behavior in families, schools, and workplaces. 2nd Edition. Pro-Ed, Austin (Texas) 2009, ISBN 978-1-4164-0423-1 .
  • Nicholas J. Long, Jody E. Long: Managing passive-aggressive behavior of children and youth at school and home. The angry smile. Pro-Ed, Austin (Texas) 2001, ISBN 0-89079-873-7 .
  • Scott Wetzler: Why men wall. How to better understand your passive-aggressive man and become happy with him. Goldmann Verlag, Munich 2003, ISBN 3-442-16474-5 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ ICD-10, version 2016 available here ; last viewed on Oct. 5, 2016.
  2. ^ American Psychiatric Association., American Psychiatric Association. Task Force on DSM-IV .: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR. 4th ed., Text revision. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC 2000, ISBN 0-89042-024-6 .