In spite of

This article is about behavior. For other meanings, see Defiance (disambiguation) .

The sculpture The Little Defiant Head by Gustav Vigeland in the Vigeland Sculpture Park in Oslo

Despite is a behavior of resistance that manifests itself in persistent, often accompanied by violent emotional outbursts, insistence on an opinion or a (possibly only supposed) right .

The term defiance (defy) originally did not have a negative connotation , but generally referred to resistance or steadfastness. In relation to child behavior, however, the term is traditionally understood negatively, unlike in scientific discourse .

Defiance as behavior

Defiant child

The person who feels and exercises defiance is in a state of internal, and slightly external, resistance to the social environment in the sense of self-assertion . There is always a tendency to break off communication . In psychology, the complex defense reaction of reactance is also described, which occurs, for example, when an appeal message is not well founded on the relationship level.

In 1993 Lawrence Sherman made defiance the subject of a crime theory called the defiance theory.

Despite in child development

As part of the psychogenesis of the child developed in the period between the second and the fourth about the age of the child's self-assertion . In developmental psychology , this time is autonomy phase called, but the concepts are difficult age or twos common.

In the past, a certain phase in puberty was often referred to as the second age of defiance , in which adolescents turn against their parents in particular .

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

The child's defiant phases in early language development

In the language development of the child, from around the age of 1½ years, the first question age begins, which is now also referred to as the 1st defiant phase. The child expresses all of his wishes and needs with his relatively small vocabulary of around 50 words and tries to bring them into harmony with his environment. Questions are asked of the adult which, if answered with yes , will be assessed as positive by the child. If something is denied, feelings such as anger, sadness, disappointment and fear arise. The left hemisphere of the brain, to which functions such as logical thinking, language and analytical thinking are assigned in children, is inactive during stressful experiences, which is why communication becomes impossible. Short sentences, repetitions and mirroring emotions can make the child receptive to distraction or comfort. However, these defiant reactions do not occur in all children of this age. In this respect, defiance phase is now an uncertain term that is rarely used in psychology and pedagogy, and it is also condescending and negative. The behavior of young children is more appropriately referred to as the “autonomy phase”, since it is an initial process of detachment in which children recognize that their needs are no longer being met naturally.

The second question age begins at the age of four to five, when vocabulary development is already well advanced. The child now asks why questions in order to get information about the individual areas of concern and also questions the adults if he realizes that they have no answer to his question. During this phase, children contradict their parents and try to point out the real problem to their adult fellow human beings through stubbornness, stubbornness and creative ideas. Children of this age have learned to cope with stress better, so the ability to adapt to circumstances is always better developed. Only in elementary school age is it to be expected that the conscious handling of anger and anger is so pronounced that tantrums no longer occur.

Use of language

• The saying " protection and defiance" distinguishes the helping and the combative side z. B. an alliance. The Trutzburg or Kaisertrutz are also derived from the word "defy".
• The preposition despite initially carried the dative case with it ("despite the rain"). Newer forms use the genitive (“in spite of the rain”), which was originally wrong. However, in contrast to the widespread use of the wrong case, this is correct today according to the Duden.
• The verb defy (intransitive or transitive with the dative) and the conjunction that introduces a main clause are derived from “defiance” .
  • in a positive sense outside the context of meaning described above as defying = resisting a thing (including storms , danger ) or a person (including enemy ) (successfully)
• To do something out of / in spite of it = to do something just because the other does not want or want it
• nonetheless, is a frequently used, originally jocular mixed education from none the less , and still , which now belongs to the default language.
• Defiance and vanity keep beauty company (KFW Wander: Wanders Deutsches Sprich emphasis Lexikon , Vol. 4, p. 1339.)

See also

• Anger , Child Tantrums section
• Passive-aggressive personality disorder
• Indignation , civil disobedience , disobedience , insurrection , revolt

literature

• Annette Kast-Zahn : Let through the defiance phase , Gräfe and Unzer, 2011, ISBN 978-3-8338-2111-0 .

Web links

Wikiquote: Defiance  - Quotes

Wiktionary: Despite  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

• Despite at Adelung, Grammatical-Critical Dictionary of High German Dialect, Volume 4. Leipzig 1801

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Lawrence W. Sherman: Defiance, Deterrence, and Irrelevance: A Theory of the Criminal Sanction . In: Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency . tape 30 , no. 4 , 1993, p. 445-473 (English).
2. ↑ Hans H. Studt, Henning Mast: On the etiopathogenesis of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease . Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg 1986, p. 45 ( online at springer.com [PDF; 400 kB ]).
3. ↑ Christoph Steinebach : Developmental Psychology . Klett-Cotta Verlag, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 978-3-608-91029-2 , p. 20 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
4. ↑ Hanns M. Trautner: Textbook of Developmental Psychology . Theories and Findings. 2nd Edition. tape 2 . Hogrefe, Publishing House for Psychology, Göttingen; Bern; Toronto; Seattle 1997, ISBN 978-3-8017-0260-1 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
5. ↑ Nico Mayer, Christina Honecker, Roman Jeltsch, Ulrike Breier: Analysis by Christa Meves - concept of order - using the example of the youth image -. (PDF PDF160KB) In: Basic course work. Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt, 2004, p. 7 , accessed on May 20, 2019 . 
6. ^ Karl Schmeing: Maturation stages of child-youthful development . Biological, psychological and sociological problems. In: Education and Upbringing . tape 5 . Böhlau Verlag, 1952, ISSN  2194-3834 , p. 568-572 , doi : 10.7788 / bue-1952-jg80 ( from de Gruyter [accessed May 20, 2019]).
7. ↑ Susanne Wied, Angelika Warmbrunn: Pschyrembel® Dictionary Care . Verlag Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York 2013, ISBN 978-3-11-016948-5 , p. 532 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
8. ↑ Defiant Age. In: Lexicon. Wissen.de, accessed on May 20, 2019 . 
9. ↑ "in spite of" (grammar). In: Duden online. Retrieved May 21, 2019 .