Person of color

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Person of color (plural: people of color “people of color”), often abbreviated as PoC, also BPoC (Black and People of Color) or BIPoC (Black, Indigenous and People of Color) are terms from the Anglo-American region and describe those individuals and groups who are exposed to diverse forms of racism and who “share the common experience , which occurs in many variations and which is experienced unequally , as“ different ”and “ not belonging ” due to physical and cultural external attributions of the white dominant society ] become. ”The term is used in Germany both activistically and scientifically.

origin

The term people of color , used for the first time in 1781, was coined in the colonial era by the term free people of color . This term referred to released slaves and stood for an unusual constellation of black land and slave owners in the USA at the time. Likewise, the gens de couleur libres in the French colonies , for example, had a great deal of social influence and owned land and slaves, but were still “legally underprivileged” compared to the white upper class. Alice Dunbar-Nelson described in 1917 for Louisiana that the expression "people of color" (originally gens de coleur ) was only used for mixed descendants of white settlers and black slaves, while it was not used for blacks themselves.

The term citizens of color was used by Martin Luther King, Jr. in 1963. The term people of color gained meaning in the Black Power movement and the founding of the Black Panther Party in the United States. Influenced by theorists such as Frantz Fanon , activists developed the term people of color and used it in the late 1970s and 80s. The term was also used in connection with the American sundown towns , the cities that boasted as being “completely white”.

Among the blacks of North America, the expression meets with a mixed reception. Traditionally, the "race" (were in the US Questions race ) especially on the contrast black - defined knows which other groups such as Latinos Mexico were temporarily forced to confess as either black or white. While some African-Americans see the new categorization as an approach through which oppressed groups can show solidarity with one another, others reject “People of Color” as a self-attribution. The main reason is that in a new, more comprehensive dichotomy as a separate group with their specific experiences, which were far worse than those of other marginalized groups, they would no longer be adequately appreciated (" unintentionally trivializes the black ethos ").

The term Person of Color (in capitalization) is also used in Germany by some political groups and activists as well as in post-colonial discourse contexts in the social sciences.

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Anne Broden and Paul Mecheril: Racism educates: educational science contributions to normalization and subjectivation in the migration society. transcript Verlag, 2014., pp. 144 ff.
  2. ^ A b William Safire : ON LANGUAGE; People of Color . In: The New York Times . November 20, 1988, ISSN 0362-4331 ( nytimes.com ).  
  3. ↑ Grada Kilomba: Plantation Memories: Episodes of Everyday Racism . 1st edition. Unrast, Münster 2008, ISBN 978-3-89771-485-4 .
  4. ↑ Maisha Eggers, Grada Kilomba, Peggy Pesche, Susan Arndt: Myths, Masks and Subjects: Critical Wisdom Research in Germany . 2nd Edition. Unrast, Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-89771-440-3 .
  5. ↑ Kien Nghi Ha, Nicola Lauré al Samarai, Sheila Mysorekar: re / visionen - Postcolonial Perspectives of People of Color on Racism, Cultural Policy and Resistance in Germany . 2nd Edition. Unrast, 2016, ISBN 978-3-89771-458-8 (In the 1960s, the term 'People of Color' in the USA - influenced by the global liberation struggles of anti-colonial revolutionaries - received new political impulses. Inspired by The initial successes of the Black Panthers aimed these radical movements towards self-assertion and intercommunal approaches to political cooperation.Based on these experiences, People of Color became a common self-designation that creates solidarity among all racially discriminated people and runs at right angles to the racist politics of sharing and ruling. ).
  6. ↑ a b c Kien Nghi Ha: 'People of Color' as a diversity approach in anti-racist self-naming and identity politics. In: migration-boell.de. migration-boell.de, accessed on December 28, 2019 .
  7. ↑ Alice Dunbar-Nelson: People of Color in Lousiana, part 1. Journal of Negro History 1 (4), 1917: 361-376.
  8. ^ The Black Press at 150 . In: The Washington Post . March 18, 1977.
  9. ↑ Are Immigrants and Refugees People of Color? In: colorlines.com. Colorlines, accessed April 24, 2016 .
  10. ^ Juan F. Perea: The Black / White Binary Paradigm of Race: The "Normal Science" of American Racial Thought. California Law Review 85 (5), 1997 (LatCrit: Latinas / os and the Law: A Joint Symposium by "California Law Review" and "La Raza Law Journal"): 1213-1258.
  11. ↑ Natalia Molina: “In A Race All Their Own”: The Quest to Make Mexicans Ineligible for US Citizenship. Pacific Historical Review 79 (2), 2010: 167–201.
  12. ^ Roy L. Brooks & Kirsten Widner: In Defense of the Black / White Binary: Reclaiming a Tradition of Civil Rights Scholarship. Berkeley Journal of African-American Law and Policy 12 (1), 2010: 107-144.
  13. ^ Roy L. Brooks & Kirsten Widner: In Defense of the Black / White Binary: Reclaiming a Tradition of Civil Rights Scholarship. Berkeley Journal of African-American Law and Policy 12 (1), 2010: 107–144, quoted in the Conclusions section on p. 142
  14. ↑ Kien Nghi Ha (Ed.): Re-, Visionen: Postcolonial Perspectives of People of Color on Racism, Cultural Politics and Resistance in Germany . Münster 2007; bibliographical evidence