Political parties in Mongolia

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This article describes the development of the party system in Mongolia .

Parties of the Bogd Khanate

With the proclamation of the Republic of China on January 1, 1912, the aristocrats of Outer Mongolia , who felt obliged to the disempowered Chinese imperial family, dissolved their territory from China. The government of the Republic of China, however, did not recognize this state formation and, despite the political turmoil in its own territory, tried to reintegrate Outer Mongolia under the leadership of the Bogd Khan . However, a Chinese invasion in 1919 only briefly brought Outer Mongolia under the control of the Republic of China. In the course of the Russian October Revolution , the Belarusian baron Roman von Ungern-Sternberg fought the Bolsheviks and invaded the Bogd Khanate. An anti-Bolshevik foundation in the revolutionary year 1917 brought about the first political party in Mongolia, the Zabaykál´skoye Kazách´ye Vóysko Partiya (Забайка́льское каза́чье воbáйско партия), the Trans-Cossack Party of the. In 1920, Mongolian nationalists founded the Mongol Ardyn Nam (Монгол Ардын Нам), the Mongolian People's Party , which was instrumental in the formal declaration of independence in 1921. Under Soviet influence, the People's Party became the Mongol Ardyn Huwysgalt Nam (Монгол Ардын Хувьсгалт Нам), Revolutionary Party of the Mongolian People, and with it the Bogd Khanate was transformed into the Mongolian People's Republic .

Parties of the Mongolian People's Republic

The Revolutionary Party of the Mongolian People established a one-party state based on the Soviet model and was a member of the Comintern . The transformation in state and society in the form of the expropriation of 'feudal' goods, the collectivization of animal husbandry, the expulsion of Chinese traders and the establishment of a Soviet trade monopoly was accompanied by excesses of violence in which the Revolutionary Party of the Mongolian People drove lamas out of their Buddhist monasteries and imprisoned or killed their abbots. From 1952, the rule of the dictator Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal , who was finally deposed by the Soviets as general secretary of the Revolutionary Party of the Mongolian People in 1984, was particularly strongly influenced by Stalinism . As a result of Soviet perestroika , the regime was ended in 1990 after almost 70 years. After the establishment of Mongolyn Ardchilsan Nam, the Democratic Party (Mongolia) and other parties, the opposition had sufficient forces for the upcoming elections. After that peaceful, democratic revolution, the Revolutionary Party of the Mongolian People eventually transformed into a Social Democratic Party and reverted to its original name, Mongol Ardyn Nam, Mongolian People's Party. Thanks to its nationwide structure, it won the first elections in 1990. Since democratization, 15 parties have emerged in the Mongolian People's Republic.

Parties of the Mongolian State since 1992

With the democratization of the People's Republic, parliament passed a new constitution and renamed the state. The framework conditions for competition between the parties on the basis of the new electoral law in no way harmed the social democratically restructured Mongolian People's Party, which emerged from the Revolutionary Party of the Mongolian People, which ruled until 1990 and which won the elections in 1992, 2000 and 2008. When Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj was elected by a large majority as the Democratic Party candidate for President of Mongolia in 2009, he was the first statesman without having previously been a member of the Marxist-Leninist Revolutionary Party of the Mongolian People. When he was re-elected in 2013, he won over 50 percent of the vote. Today the Mongolian party landscape is characterized by great diversity and includes socialist, liberal, communist or national democratic parties, as well as parties related to professions, religion, civil rights, women, youth and minorities. The Mongolian Supreme Court has jurisdiction over the admission and registration of new parties.

literature

  • Barkmann, Udo B .: History of Mongolia or The "Mongolian Question". Mongolia on its way to its own nation-state . Bouvier, Bonn, 1999.
  • Fukui, Haruhiro: Political Parties of Asia and the Pacific . Vol. 2. Greenwood Press Westport / Connecticut - London, 1985.
  • Schwarz, Henry G .: Trans-Baikal Cossack Party . In: Fukui, Political Parties of Asia and the Pacific, Vol. 2, p. 794.
  • Weyrauch, Thomas: The party landscape of East Asia . Longtai, Heuchelheim, 2018.
  • Weyrauch, Thomas: Political Lexicon East Asia . Longtai, Heuchelheim, 2019.
  • Wisotzki, Marion / von Waldenfels, Ernst / Käppeli, Erna: Mongolia. Story . Trescher Verlag, Berlin, 2014

Remarks

  1. ↑ Udo B. Barkmann, Geschichte der Mongolei, p. 165; Henry G. Schwarz, Trans-Baikal Cossack Party, p. 794; Thomas Weyrauch, The Party Landscape of East Asia, p. 277 ff .; Thomas Weyrauch, The Zaibaikal Cossacks: Harbingers of Mongolia´s Political Parties (Забайкальские казаки: предвестники политических партий Монголии). In: Transbaikal State University: Zaibaikal Cossacks: History and Modernity (ЗАБАЙКАЛЬСКОЕ КАЗАЧЕСТВО: ИСТОРИЯ И СОВРЕМЕННОСТЬ). Chita / Russian Federation 2018, p. 39 ff. 1) [1] ; 2) [2] ; 3) [3] .
  2. ↑ Udo B. Barkmann, History of Mongolia, p. 245 f.
  3. ↑ Udo B. Barkmann, History of Mongolia, p. 307 ff.
  4. ↑ Thomas Weyrauch, The Party Landscape of East Asia, p. 281 f., List of parties p. 284 ff.
  5. ↑ Thomas Weyrauch, Die Arbeiterlandschaft Ostasiens, p. 287 ff., List of Parties, p. 291 ff .; Thomas Weyrauch, Political Lexicon East Asia, p. 131 ff.
  6. ↑ Supreme Court of Mongolia, [www.supremecourt.mn/nam/01] to [www.supremecourt.mn/nam/36].