The Pontryagin duality , named after Lev Semjonowitsch Pontryagin , is a mathematical term from harmonic analysis . A locally compact Abelian group is assigned a further locally compact Abelian group as a dual group , so that the dual group for the dual group is again the starting group. This construction plays an important role in the abstract Fourier transform and the structural theory of the locally compact Abelian groups.
If there is a continuous homomorphism , then there is also a continuous homomorphism, the homomorphism that is too dual .
Examples
The characters of the remainder class group have the form , where . It applies if , and with it .
Each character of has the shape for one . If one identifies with n, then is .
The group has the characters , wherein . The assignment delivers .
with addition as a link and the Euclidean topology is a locally compact Abelian group. Each character has the shape for one . If one identifies with z, one has first as sets. This applies to all and the mapping is a homeomorphism , so one also has locally compact Abelian groups.
Products by groups
If G and H are locally compact Abelian groups, so are their Cartesian products . Then define a character when you bet. In this way a group homeomorphism is obtained .
This gives you many more examples:
for every finite Abelian group G, because such is a finite product of groups of the form (see: Finite Abelian Group ).
, ,
Pontryagin's duality theorem
You have a natural image . The set of Pontrjagin states that this figure is always a topological group isomorphism is. This justifies the designation of the dual group of G, because according to the above sentence, G can be recovered from by forming a new dual group.
Relationships between group and dual group
Due to the Pontryagin duality, one expects a series of relationships between a locally compact Abelian group G and its dual group . Thereby one finds relationships between algebraic and topological properties. The following applies as an example:
A continuous homomorphism is called strict if the mapping is open , i.e. H. the picture of any open set is relatively open in the picture of . A sequence of homomorphisms is called strict if every homomorphism is strict. Finally, if one denotes the one-element group with 1 and observes , then the following theorem applies:
Let be a sequence of continuous homomorphisms between locally compact Abelian groups. Then the following statements are equivalent:
A continuous homomorphism is strict if and only if is strict.
If there is a closed subgroup, then is . Here is the dual mapping for inclusion .
Compact generated groups
The Pontryagin duality is an important tool in structural theory for locally compact Abelian groups. A locally compact group is said to be compact if there is a compact subset of G that generates G as a group . A discrete group is created compact if and only if it is finitely created.
For a locally compact Abelian group are equivalent:
G is generated compact.
, where and K is a compact group.
, where and D is a discrete group.
Addition: The numbers m and n are uniquely determined by G and K is the largest compact subgroup of G.
The Pontryagin duality, i.e. H. the above-described assignments and of locally compact Abelian groups and continuous homomorphisms is obviously a contravariant functor . Executing this functor twice in a row leads to the identical functor (more precisely: to a natural equivalence to the identical functor).
literature
Lynn H. Loomis : An Introduction to Abstract Harmonic Analysis , D. van Nostrand Co, 1953