Test and filtration warehouse

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Testing and filtration camp ( Russian Проверочно-фильтрационные лагеря ) were institutions of the Soviet Ministry of the Interior (NKVD), which during the Second World War and in the postwar period in the repatriation served by "enemies of the state" of Soviet citizens of fishing expeditions.

During the wars in Chechnya , the Russian security forces operated facilities with the same name, which were supposed to be used to track down “separatists” and “terrorists”. In this context, there were repeated reports of human rights violations in these camps.

Filtration camp of the USSR

List of repatriation camps for citizens of the USSR in the Soviet occupation zone of Germany, October 2, 1945, State Archives of the Russian Federation, Moscow

Origin and administrative history

The camps were initially set up only for members of the Red Army on the basis of the order GKO-1069ss of the State Defense Committee of the USSR (GKO) of December 27, 1941 and were under the control of the NKVD. The implementation was regulated in the NKVD Decree No. 001735 of December 28, 1941. The aim was to identify the "traitors to the fatherland, spies and deserters" among the members of the Red Army who had been captured by the enemy. For this purpose, soldiers or officers who were freed from captivity or who had freed themselves should, without exception, be assigned to so-called intermediate collection points ( Russian сборно-пересыльные пункты , SPP) in the front area of ​​the NKVD camp for "filtration" or "state inspection". Initially, these camps were subordinated to the Central Administration for Prisoners of War and Internees (GUPWI) , from July 19, 1944 to the GULag of the NKVD. With the decree of August 28, 1944, an independent department for filtration and testing camps was established within the NKVD. On February 20, 1945 this was renamed the Department for Collection and Filtration Camps (OPFL) .

For Eastern workers to be repatriated , the State Defense Committee of the USSR passed resolution 6457ss on August 24, 1944, “On the implementation of the admission of returning Soviet citizens who had been abducted by Germans” and the task was assigned to the NKVD. For this purpose, test and transit camps were created on the western Soviet borders, and test and filtration camps a little further in the hinterland. However, a large number of people to be repatriated were still detained on German and Austrian soil for dismantling work and other tasks. In November 1945 there were still 300,000 people there.

Internees

From December 27, 1941 to October 1, 1944, 421,199 internees were screened in these camps. In addition to 354,592 former prisoners of war, there were also 40,062 police officers. The food in the camps was allocated according to the norms for GULag prisoners. In the summer of 1945 the rations were further reduced.

Filtration camp in Chechnya

During the Chechen wars, the Russian security forces operated internment camps known as filtration camps or points , which followed the procedure of the original NKVD filtration camps . In these inmates, who were mostly arbitrarily arrested, a search was made for “separatists”, “terrorists” or “terror suspects”. In this context, independent media and human rights organizations such as Human Rights Watch repeatedly reported serious violations of human rights committed by the security personnel in these camps.

According to these reports, inmates were completely deprived of their rights, particularly in the Chornokosovo filtration camp operated at the beginning of the Second Chechnya War, and all kinds of abuse and torture occurred during questioning and interrogation. This camp was later converted into a pre-trial detention center and then a penal colony.

literature

Movie

  • Andreas Gruber (Director): Stalin's Vengeance: The fear of the victors before returning home. D, 2016, documentation, MDR, 52 min. (Also about the Zeithain Wehrmacht POW camp (Stalag_IV_H or IV / Z, today memorial and military cemeteries ). Contains interviews with former prisoners of war rehabilitated after 1993, forced laborers or their relatives. Four repatriated " Returnees "report on their return to the former Soviet Union)

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Resolution on the establishment of the test and filtration camps of December 27, 1941 (State Defense Committee of the USSR)
  2. ^ A b Peter Ruggenthaler: The long arm of Moscow. On the problem of the forced repatriation of former Soviet forced laborers and prisoners of war to the USSR. In: Siegfried Mattl u. a. (Ed.): War, Memory, History . Böhlau Verlag Wien, 2009, p. 233, ISBN 978-3-205781-93-6 .
  3. ↑ Vladimir Doroševič: Unknown archival documents on Soviet prisoners of war: based on materials from the Central Archives of the KGB of the Republic of Belarus . In: fallen - caught - buried. Facts and figures on Soviet and German victims of World War II. Online publication , Documentation Center Dresden, 2011
  4. ^ Peter Ruggenthaler: The long arm of Moscow. On the problem of the forced repatriation of former Soviet forced laborers and prisoners of war to the USSR. In: Siegfried Mattl u. a. (Ed.): War, Memory, History . Böhlau Verlag Vienna, 2009, p. 234.
  5. ^ Peter Ruggenthaler: The long arm of Moscow. On the problem of the forced repatriation of former Soviet forced laborers and prisoners of war to the USSR. In: Siegfried Mattl u. a. (Ed.): War, Memory, History . Böhlau Verlag Vienna, 2009, p. 235.
  6. ^ J. Otto Pohl: The Stalinist Penal System: A Statistical History of Soviet Repression and Terror, 1930-1953 . McFarland, 1997, p. 50, ISBN 9780786403363
  7. ↑ Judgment of July 15, 2004 - B 9 V 11/02 R (German Federal Social Court)
  8. ↑ Inside the 'Hell' of Chernokozovo (The Moscow Times)
  9. ↑ Hundreds of Chechens Detained in "Filtration Camps" (Human Rights Watch)
  10. ↑ Tales of torture leak from Russian camps (The Guardian)