Pragmatica (1567)
The Pragmática of 1567 was a pragmatic sanction issued by King Philip II of Spain . It was made known on New Year's Day 1567 by Pedro de Deza , then chairman of the Royal Court of Justice of Granada (Spanish: Real Chancillería de Granada ), and it was subsequently implemented; The aim was to force the parts of the population (the Moriscos ) who were forcibly converted after the uprising in the Alpujarras to give up their traditions and their language as well as the Muslim faith, which is often still practiced privately. Resistance to the implementation of this document led to a second uprising in the Alpujarra .
prehistory
The then Archbishop of Granada , Pedro Guerrero , was convinced that the forced Christianized Moriscos or their descendants would only become true Christians if they completely abandoned their customs and traditions. At a meeting of the bishops of the kingdom of Granada in 1565 it was decided that the previous practice of toleration should be abandoned and coercive measures should be introduced. It was demanded that all elements and customs typical of the Moriscos should be banned. The bishops also called on the king to tighten the surveillance measures.
These proposals were discussed in Madrid, with the participation of the Duque de Alba , who then recommended that the king implement older proposals drawn up at a meeting in Granada in 1526, which King Charles I of Spain for a payment of 80,000 ducats by the Moriscos had exposed. After the meeting, Pedro de Deza , one of the most enthusiastic advocates of harsher measures at the meeting of 1526, was appointed chairman of the royal court of Granada, which the Moriscos, as Juan de Austria wrote in a letter to the king, viewed as a provocation had to. He wrote that Deza's " way of dealing with ... these people (...) was and is certainly not suitable for good" ".
The decree of 1526, which was never implemented, redefined membership of Christianity and Islam. The historian Christiane Birr said: “ Not only those who openly rejected Christianity and professed Islam were considered Muslims, but also anyone who adhered to Moriskian customs. “Felipe II finally gave his approval to Pragmatica. The reasons for the timing and extent of these reprisals are still widely debated. For one thing, the Ottoman Empire and its North African allies were advancing against Spain at the time, and the fear of an Ottoman invasion supported by the Moriscos was not unfounded. Furthermore, the Pragmatica is seen as the last, massive attempt to assimilate the Arab population after the conquest of Granada in 1492; in 1560 the number of Moriscos (approx. 150,000) in the region was above the number of “pure” Christians (approx. 125,000); in addition, the fear of Morisco robber gangs (the "Monfíes"), who openly attack the Catholic population, is mentioned.
content
The Spanish historian Julio Caro Baroja summarized the content of the Pragmatica as follows:
- I. It is forbidden to speak, write and read Arabic from three years of age after the decree .
- II. All contracts drawn up in this language are declared invalid.
- III. Books in Arabic must be presented to the President of the Court of Justice of Granada within 30 days. He will assess and return it, so no unwanted elements are found in it.
- IV. The Moriscos must dress in Spanish fashion, their wives must show their faces in public.
- V. Weddings and other celebrations are to be held in accordance with Christian traditions; Music and chants in the Moriscos traditions are to be avoided, even if they do not contradict Christianity.
- VI. Friday cannot be considered a public holiday.
- VII. Moorish first and last names are prohibited.
- VIII. Women are not allowed to veil themselves.
- IX. Bathing in the hammam is prohibited; existing baths of this kind will be destroyed.
- X. The "Gacis" (Moors from North Africa) are expelled; Moriscos are no longer allowed to keep slaves of such origin.
- XI. Licenses to own black slaves are being reassessed.
effect
The Moriscos tried again, as in 1526, to have the regulations lifted, but this time the king could not be changed. This led to the Moriscos uprising, known as the 2nd uprising in the Alpujarras.
bibliography
- Julio Caro Baroja: Los moriscos del Reino de Granada , Madrid, 1976, ISBN 84-7090-076-5
- Antonio Domínguez Ortiz: Historia de los moriscos. Vida y tragedia de una minoría , Alianza Editorial, Madrid, 1979, ISBN 84-206-2415-2
See also
Individual evidence
- ↑ Julio Caro Baroja, Los moriscos del Reino de Granada, pages 156/157
- ↑ Julio Caro Baroja, Los moriscos del Reino de Granada, pages 157/158
- ↑ C. Birr: rebellious fathers, enslaved children, in: revolts and political crimes between the 12th and 19th centuries, https://www.academia.edu/5085640/Rebellische_V%C3%A4ter_versklavte_Kinder_Der_Aufstand_der_der_Morisken_von_Granada_theologische_-1570_in_Granada_theologische_1570_in_authorist download
- ↑ Julio Caro Baroja, Los moriscos del Reino de Granada, pages 158/159