Privative

The privative (from Latin prīvāre “to rob”) denotes a semantic affix of an adverb, verb, noun or adjective and expresses the absence or omission of the associated word stem , possibly also its negation .

In German

Several prefixes can represent the privative here, namely ent- , un- , miss- and de- (mostly with borrowed verbs).

• de mask
• ent color
• Miss trust
• Un faithful

In the last example you can see that in addition to verbs , nouns as well as adjectives and adverbs can contain privatives:

• Adjective : the unfaithful husband
• Adverb : The knighthood was unfaithful to its king.

Also suffixes may be Privative, the Germans are the suffixes -los , -free and -leer

• worth going
• content empty
• sugar free

Words that originate from Latin or the Greek language have the privatives in- , il- , ir- ( assimilative shift of n to l or r , prefix from Latin) and a- , an- ( alpha privativum des Greek) taken directly:

• il legitimate
• in consistent
• ir relevant
• a pathic
• at ÄSTHESIE

These prefixes, as well as the German ent- and un- and the अ- (a-) and (- (an-) in Sanskrit , all come from an identical prefix * n̥- from the Indo-European original language .

Demarcation

The prefixes in German are not always privative. For example, the word inflammable is detached from the prefix , but here this prefix has a reinforcing and not negating or omitting meaning and is therefore not a privative .

Other languages

Esperanto

Esperanto is an artificial language that strategically transports semantic content using prefixes and suffixes. Therefore, there are also clear guidelines for the formation of a privative through the use of two prefixes: sen- ("without") and mal- ("opposite / negation of"):

• sen farbigi "discolor"
• sometimes bona "bad" (literally: "un-good")

Turkic languages

The languages ​​of the Turkish language family have a suffix for the privative, which varies depending on the vowel harmony .

Bashkir language

In Bashkir there is a privative suffix + hEҙ. The capital letter here indicates the letter that differs according to vowel or consonant harmony and therefore appears in the following variants depending on the vowel harmony: - һеҙ , - һыҙ , - һоҙ and - һөҙ . These are usually translated into German with -los or without ... , un- , miss- and they are the antonyms of - лЕ "with ..." and the four variants - лы , - ле , - ло , - лө .

• эшһеҙ "unemployed"
• һөтһөҙ кофе "coffee without milk"
• балһыҙ сәй "tea without honey"
• боросһоҙ риҙыҡ "Pepperless Food"

Turkish language

In Turkish, the privative exists as a suffix in the forms - siz , - sız , - suz and - süz . Here they are also antonyms to - li , - lı , - lu and - lü .

• șekersiz "sugar-free"
• tuzsuz "saltless"

Tupi-Guarani languages

Guaraní

In Guaraní there is also the privative as a suffix, namely as - o and - ỹ .

• ojetavy'o "he learns" (literally "he-himself-stupidity-move away")
• yỹ "drought" (literally "waterlessness")

literature

• Helmut Glück (Hrsg.): Metzler Lexikon Sprachen . JBMetzler, Stuttgart, Weimar 1993, ISBN 3-476-00937-8 , Privativ, p. 484 .
• Brigitte Bartschat, Rudi Conrad, Wolfgang Heinemann, Gerlinde Pfeifer, Anita Steube: Lexicon of linguistic terms . VEB Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig 1985, Privativ, p. 187 f .
• Margarete I. Ersen Rasch: Bashkir. Textbook for beginners and advanced learners . Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2009, ISBN 978-3-447-05730-1 , pp. 66, 169 .
• Hasan Șakır: Turkish grammar in a nutshell . PONS GmbH, Stuttgart 2011, ISBN 978-3-12-561149-8 , p. 103 .

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Description of the Guaraní  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
2. ↑ Sebastian Nordhoff: Noun / Verb Distinction in Guarani . Ed .: University of Cologne. October 17, 2012, ISSN  1615-1496 , p. 43 ( uni-frankfurt.de [accessed June 8, 2018]).