Prud'homme

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The Prud'homme , roughly translated as “clever / cautious man”, described a chivalric ideal in France in the high Middle Ages and in this sense corresponds to the later gentilhomme as the equivalent of the gentleman .

The ideal of prud'homie

The term prud'homie combines the virtue of bravery ( fortitudo ) with wisdom ( sapientia ) and describes the wise determination to fight in which a knight moderates his impetuosity through prudentia , prudence and trust in God. In the Middle Ages, the prud'homme central virtue of prudence was understood primarily as the caution (French: prudence ) that a person had to possess in order to avoid sin . Accordingly, a wise person includes every possible consequence in his actions and thus acts cautiously with regard to the future.

At the turn of the 12th to the 13th century, the Prud'homme embodied a development of moral values ​​and took the place of the ideals of the brave and courtly knight by the middle of the 13th century. It referred to a man of moral authority and full of merit, who adheres to moral values ​​with a religious background. The chronicler Jean de Joinville recognized in King Philip II August (1165–1223) the founder of Prud'homme by giving him Duke Hugo III. of Burgundy as preuhomme , who was brave ( preu of preux / brave ), but was neither clever nor godly.

Joinville named in his vita to King Ludwig IX. (the saint) of France several knights of the royal household, such as Philippe de Nanteuil or Geoffroy de Sergines , as Prud'hommes. As a god-fearing knight, he described the king himself, who, according to his own statement, tried to live the ideal of Prud'homme. Joinville also described the fact that the king did not always succeed in doing this, for example when the king plunged into battle with furia when the crusader army of the sixth crusade landed on the Egyptian coast in 1249 . Nevertheless, King Louis IX was. among his contemporaries as the ideal embodiment of Prud'homme. According to the anonymous Ménestrel of Reims , Emperor Frederick II is said to have proposed in Lyons to the Pope, who was an enemy of him, in 1244 that the French king be the arbiter of their conflict, since he was a Prud'homme. In the chronicle of a minstrel who had served Prince Alfons of Poitiers , written between the years 1293 and 1297 , Louis IX. the nickname Prud'homme added.

The properties of prud'homie also found application on a religious level, in which a Prud'homme differs from the bigoted, hypocritical "prayer brother". Joinville, for example, called the royal chaplain Robert of Sorbon a Prud'homme, although he defended the “prayer brother” in a dispute.

literature

  • For the definition and development of the Prud'homme term, see Charles Brucker: Sage et sagesse au Moyen Age, XIIe et XIIIe siècles (Geneva 1987)
  • Jacques Le Goff : Saint Louis (Gallimard, Paris 1996) (German Louis the Saint . Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 2000)

bibliography

  • Jacques Le Goff , "Saint Louis, Gallimard", Paris 1996
  • “For the definition and development of the Prud'homme term, see Charles Brucker: Sage et sagesse au Moyen Age”, XIIe et XIIIe siècles, Geneva, 1987
  • Keen, Maurice. "Chivalry". Yale University Press, 2005
  • Jump up, Christoper Marshall: Warface in Latin East, 1192-1291 , Cambridge University Press , 1994
  • Jump up, Les chansons de croisade
  • Jumping Up, Joinville, II , Ethel Wedgwood, 1906
  • Karl Batsch, Adolf Horning, La Langue et la littérature françaises depuis le IXème siècle jusqu'au XIVème , Maisonneuve et Leclerc, Paris, 1887, page 385
  • Robards, Brooks. The Medieval Knight at War . London: Tiger Books, 1997. ISBN 1-85501-919-1
  • Boulton, D'Arcy Jonathan Dacre. The Knights of the Crown: The Monarchical Orders of Knighthood in Later Medieval Europe, 1325-1520 . 2d revised ed. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press , 2000. ISBN 0-85115-795-5
  • Charles Brucker, Sage et sagesse au Moyen Age, XIIe et XIIIe siècles , Geneva, 1987
  • Hugh Clark: A Concise History of Knighthood: Containing the Religious and Military Orders which have been Instituted in Europe 1784.
  • Laing, Lloyd and Jennifer Laing. Medieval Britain: The Age of Chivalry . New York: St. Martin's Press , 1996. ISBN 0-312-16278-2
  • Church, S. and Harvey, R. (Eds.) (1994) Medieval knighthood V: papers from the sixth Strawberry Hill Conference 1994. Boydell Press, Woodbridge
  • Bull, Stephen. An Historical Guide to Arms and Armor . London: Studio Editions, 1991. ISBN 1-85170-723-9
  • Carey, Brian Todd; Allfree, Joshua B; Cairns, John. Warfare in the Medieval World , UK: Pen & Sword Military, June 2006. ISBN 1-84415-339-8
  • Edge, David; John Miles Paddock (1988) Arms & Armor of the Medieval Knight . Greenwich, CT: Bison Books Corp. ISBN 0-517-10319-2
  • Embleton, Gerry. Medieval Military Costume . UK: Crowood Press, 2001. ISBN 1-86126-371-6
  • Forey, Alan John. The Military Orders: From the Twelfth to the Early Fourteenth Centuries . Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK: Macmillan Education, 1992. ISBN 0-333-46234-3
  • Hare, Christopher. Courts & camps of the Italian renaissance . New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1908. LCCN  08-031670
  • Oakeshott, Ewart . A Knight and his Horse , 2nd ed. Chester Springs, PA: Dufour Editions, 1998. ISBN 0-8023-1297-7 LCCN  98-032049
  • Williams, Alan. "The Metallurgy of Medieval Arms and Armor," in Companion to Medieval Arms and Armor . Nicolle, David , ed. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press, 2002. ISBN 0-85115-872-2 LCCN  2002-003680
  • De Charny, Geoffrey. The Book of Chivalry of Geoffrey De Charny: Text, Context, and Translation. 1996.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ The Memoirs of the Lord of Joinville III, ed. by Ethel Wedgwood (1906), §IX, pp. 287-288
  2. ↑ Récits d'un ménestrel de Reims au XIIIe siècle p. 126
  3. ↑ A fragment of this chronicle is contained in the Recueil des Historiens des Gaules et de la France , Vol. XXIII, p. 146. Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris. The minstrel named Ludwig the Prud'homme, Philip the Brave and Philip the Handsome one after the other .

See also