Qudāʿa
Qudāʿa ( Arabic قضاعة, DMG Quḍāʿa ) was a loose association of ancient Arab tribes whose origin is unknown. The tribes that were assigned to the Qudāʿa included the Kalb, Dschuhaina, Balī, Bahrāʾ, Chaulān, Mahra, Chushain, Jarm, ʿUdhra, Balqain, Tanūch and Salīh. With some of these tribes, the membership of the Qudāʿa was disputed. This is also due to the fact that different clans of these tribes had joined other tribes in pre-Islamic times. Within the Qudāʿa, the Juhaina and the Balī played a particularly important role. Daizan ibn Muʿāwiya, the mythical king of Hatra , is also assigned to the Qudāʿa .
The Juhaina
The territory of the Juhaina, who had close ties to the Aus and Khazradsch in Yathrib , lay on the caravan route between Mecca and Syria and included the village of Yanbu and the mountains of Radwā. According to a tradition in Ibn al-Kalbī , a man from the Juhaina, ʿAbd ad-Dār ibn Hudaib, planned to build a sanctuary on his own territory to compete with the Kaaba in Mecca, but these plans were caught by his people Resistance, so that he soon gave up again. When Mohammed settled in Yathrib, he tried to establish peaceful relations with the Juhaina. Even before the Battle of Badr , when the Muslims began to disrupt the traffic of the Quraish caravans , there was collaboration with some members of the tribe who acted as spies for the Muslims. According to a report by the traditional scholar at-Tabarānī, the Juhaina were even the first Arab tribe to fight on the side of the Prophet. Many Juhaina groups probably converted to Islam at this time. The alliance of Muhammad with the Juhaina was concluded when he visited their place Dhu l-Marwa; On this occasion he is said to have confirmed the tribe's property rights in the area around Dhū l-Marwa. The Juhaina took part in the conquest of Mecca in January 630 with a contingent of 800 fighters and 50 horsemen. After the Prophet's death, they remained faithful to Islam. Together with other groups of the Qudāʿa, the Juhaina played a decisive role in the conquest of Egypt. Some settled in Fustat .
The Balī
The territory of the Balī was north of that of the Juhaina, but at the beginning of the 7th century some members of the tribe also lived in Yathrib, where they were allied with Aus and Khazradsch. Some Balī also lived among the Banū Sulaim and had adopted their family tree. Shortly after the Battle of Mu'ta in September 629, Mohammed sent a delegation to the Balī to ensure their loyalty. It was led by ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀs , whose mother belonged to this tribe herself. In June / July 630 the Balī themselves sent a delegation to Yathrib, where they formally accepted Islam. Noteworthy is a letter from Mohammed to the clan of the Banū Juail, in which he recognized them as part of the clan of ʿAbd Manāf ibn Qusaiy and assigned him the sadaqa payments of other tribes.
The Balī also played an important role in the conquest of Egypt, ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀs himself fought under the banner of this tribe. They settled mainly in the regions of Achmim and Asyut , later they were pushed to the south by Fatimid troops. On the Iberian Peninsula, some members of the Balī lived in the vicinity of Córdoba . On the Arabian Peninsula, the Balī played a certain role again during the First World War in the conflict between Sharif Husain and the Turkish troops. In 1925 most of the Balī became loyal subjects of Saudi Arabia . A minority among them rejected Saudi rule and fled to the territory of Transjordan .
literature
- MJ Kister: Art. "Ḳuḍāʿa" in The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition Vol. V, pp. 315a-318b.
- Michael Lecker: The Banū Sulaym. A Contribution to the Study of Early Islam. Jerusalem 1989. pp. 183-201.
- Christian Robin: Recherches sur la geographie tribale et religieuse de Ḫawlān Quḍāʿa et du Pays de Hamdān . Istanbul: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologische Inst., 1982.