Raorchestes
Raorchestes | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Raorchestes | ||||||||||||
Biju , Shouche , Dubois , Dutta & Bossuyt , 2010 |
Raorchestes is a genus of frogs in the rowing frog family. They occur from southwest India via Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia and Malaysia to southern China. The greatest variety of species within this genus can be found in the Indian Western Ghats . Many species that are nowassigned to Raorchestes were before the genus was first described in 2010 in the genus Ixalus , which has since been dissolved, as well as in the genera Philautus and Pseudophilautus .
features
The species of the genus Raorchestes live on trees and have widened adhesive discs at the finger and toe ends, which make climbing easier for them. Similar to the tree frogs, they have an intermediate cartilage between the penultimate and last finger and toe phalanx, which allows the limbs to be pressed onto the surface in any position of the limbs.
They are relatively small frogs, the head-trunk length in sexually mature specimens is 15 to 45 millimeters, depending on the species. The males' throaty vocal sac is large and transparent as they call.
Reproduction and development
Raorchestes species, in contrast to most other genera of rowing frogs, have a direct development, so there is no tadpole stage. Instead, the larval development takes place within the eggs, which are laid in moist places on land, and ready-made young frogs hatch. Although the eggs still require high levels of moisture and dry out easily, this enables the frogs to colonize moist habitats without open water.
Systematics and taxonomy
The genus was first described in 2010 . The first part of the name of the genus, Rao , honors the Indian herpetologist C. R. Narayan Rao , the second part, Orchestes , recalls the generic name used by Tschudi in 1838 for frog species from the related Philautus group.
species
There are currently 63 species described.
(As of November 12, 2019)
- Raorchestes agasthyaensis Zachariah, Dinesh, Kunhikrishnan, Das, Raju, Radhakrishnan, Palot & Kalesh, 2011
- Raorchestes akroparallagi (Biju & Bossuyt, 2009)
- Raorchestes anili (Biju & Bossuyt, 2006)
- Raorchestes annandalii (Boulenger, 1906)
- Raorchestes archeos Vijayakumar, Dinesh, Prabhu & Shanker, 2014
- Raorchestes aureus Vijayakumar, Dinesh, Prabhu & Shanker, 2014
- Raorchestes beddomii (Günther, 1876)
- Raorchestes blandus Vijayakumar, Dinesh, Prabhu, and Shanker, 2014
- Raorchestes bobingeri (Biju & Bossuyt, 2005)
- Raorchestes bombayensis (Annandale, 1919)
- Raorchestes cangyuanensis Wu, Suwannapoom, Xu, Murphy & Che, 2019
- Raorchestes chalazodes (Günther, 1876)
- Raorchestes charius (Rao, 1937)
- Raorchestes chlorosomma (Biju & Bossuyt, 2009)
- Raorchestes chotta (Biju & Bossuyt, 2009)
- Raorchestes chromasynchysi (Biju & Bossuyt, 2009)
- Raorchestes coonoorensis (Biju & Bossuyt, 2009)
- Raorchestes crustai Zachariah, Dinesh, Kunhikrishnan, Das, Raju, Radhakrishnan, Palot & Kalesh, 2011
- Raorchestes dubois (Biju & Bossuyt, 2006)
- Raorchestes echinatus Vijayakumar, Dinesh, Prabhu & Shanker, 2014
- Raorchestes flaviocularis Vijayakumar, Dinesh, Prabhu & Shanker, 2014
- Raorchestes flaviventris (Boulenger, 1882)
- Raorchestes ghatei Padhye, Sayyed, Jadhav & Dahanukar, 2013
- Raorchestes glandulosus (Jerdon, 1854)
- Raorchestes graminirupes (Biju & Bossuyt, 2005)
- Raorchestes griet (Bossuyt, 2002)
- Raorchestes gryllus (Smith, 1924)
- Raorchestes hassanensis Dutta, 1985
- Raorchestes honnametti Gururaja, Priti, Roshmi & Aravind, 2016
- Raorchestes indigo Vijayakumar, Dinesh, Prabhu & Shanker, 2014
- Raorchestes jayarami (Biju & Bossuyt, 2009)
- Raorchestes johnceei Zachariah, Dinesh, Kunhikrishnan, Das, Raju, Radhakrishnan, Palot & Kalesh, 2011
- Raorchestes kadalarensis Zachariah, Dinesh, Kunhikrishnan, Das, Raju, Radhakrishnan, Palot & Kalesh, 2011
- Raorchestes kaikatti (Biju & Bossuyt, 2009)
- Raorchestes kakachi Seshadri, Gururaja & Aravind, 2012
- Raorchestes lechiya Zachariah, Cyriac, Chandramohan, Ansil, Mathew, Raju & Abraham, 2016
- Raorchestes leucolatus Vijayakumar, Dinesh, Prabhu & Shanker, 2014
- Raorchestes longchuanensis (Yang & Li, 1978)
- Raorchestes luteolus (Kuramoto & Joshy, 2003)
- Raorchestes manipurensis (Mathew & Sen, 2009)
- Raorchestes manohari Zachariah, Dinesh, Kunhikrishnan, Das, Raju, Radhakrishnan, Palot & Kalesh, 2011
- Raorchestes marki (Biju & Bossuyt, 2009)
- Raorchestes menglaensis (Kou, 1990)
- Raorchestes munnarensis (Biju & Bossuyt, 2009)
- Raorchestes nerostagona (Biju & Bossuyt, 2005)
- Raorchestes ochlandrae (Gururaja, Dinesh, Palot, Radhakrishnan & Ramachandra, 2007)
- Raorchestes parvulus (Boulenger, 1893)
- Raorchestes ponmudi (Biju & Bossuyt, 2005)
- Raorchestes primarrumpfi Vijayakumar, Dinesh, Prabhu & Shanker, 2014
- Raorchestes ravii Zachariah, Dinesh, Kunhikrishnan, Das, Raju, Radhakrishnan, Palot & Kalesh, 2011
- Raorchestes resplendens Biju, Shouche, Dubois, Dutta & Bossuyt, 2010
- Raorchestes sahai (Sarkar & Ray, 2006)
- Raorchestes sanctisilvaticus (Das & Chanda, 1997)
- Raorchestes shillongensis (Pillai & Chanda, 1973)
- Raorchestes signatus (Boulenger, 1882)
- Raorchestes silentvalley Zachariah, Cyriac et al., 2016
- Raorchestes sushili (Biju & Bossuyt, 2009)
- Raorchestes theuerkaufi Zachariah, Dinesh, Kunhikrishnan, Das, Raju, Radhakrishnan, Palot & Kalesh, 2011
- Raorchestes thodai Zachariah, Dinesh, Kunhikrishnan, Das, Raju, Radhakrishnan, Palot, and Kalesh, 2011
- Raorchestes tinniens (Jerdon, 1854)
- Raorchestes travancoricus (Boulenger, 1891)
- Raorchestes tuberohumerus (Kuramoto & Joshy, 2003)
- Raorchestes uthamani Zachariah, Dinesh, Kunhikrishnan, Das, Raju, Radhakrishnan, Palot & Kalesh, 2011
- Raorchestes Terebrans (The & Chanda, 1998) was Raorchestes sanctisilvaticus (The & Chanda, 1997) (formerly Philautus sanctisilvaticus ) as synonymous .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Darrel R. Frost: Raorchestes , Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. Electronic Database accessible at American Museum of Natural History, New York 1998-2019, accessed February 6, 2019.
- ^ A b c S. D. Biju, YS Shouche, A. Dubois, SK Dutta & F. Bossuyt: A ground-dwelling rhacophorid frog from the highest mountain peak of the Western Ghats of India. Current Science, 98, 8, pp. 1119–1125, Bangalore 2010. ( PDF )
- ↑ Mohomed M. Bahir, Madhava Meegaskumbura, Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi, Christopher J. Schneider, Rohan Pethiyagoda: Reproduction and terrestrial direct development in Sri Lankan shrub frogs (Ranidae: Rhacophorinae: Philautus). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement 12, pp. 339-350, 2005, ( PDF )
- ↑ Y.-H. Wu, C. Suwannapoom, K. Xu, J.-M. Chen, J.-q. Jin, H.-m. Chen, RW Murphy & J. Che. 2019. A new species of the genus Raorchestes (Anura: Rhacophoridae) from Yunnan Province, China. Zoological Research / Dōngwùxué yánjiū. Kunming 40: 558-563 doi : 10.24272 / j.issn.2095-8137.2019.066
- ↑ a b Z. A. Mirza, P. Warekar, PP Mohapatra, DV Raju, P. Pratil, SK Dutta & S. Pal: Endangered or an artifact of unsound taxonomy? Case of the critically endangered bush frog Philautus sanctisilvaticus Das and Chanda, 1997 . Zootaxa, 4683, pp. 563-576, 2019.
literature
SD Biju, YS Shouche, A. Dubois, SK Dutta & F. Bossuyt: A ground-dwelling rhacophorid frog from the highest mountain peak of the Western Ghats of India. Current Science, 98, 8, pp. 1119-1125, Bangalore 2010. (First description, PDF , English).
Web links
- Darrel R. Frost: Raorchestes , Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. Electronic Database accessible at American Museum of Natural History, New York 1998-2019, accessed February 6, 2019.
- Species list of the family Rhacophoridae , Amphibiaweb, accessed on February 6, 2019.