Neobatrachia

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Neobatrachia
Polar toad (Bufo boreas)

Polar toad ( Bufo boreas )

Systematics
Sub-stem : Vertebrates (vertebrata)
Superclass : Jaw mouths (Gnathostomata)
Row : Land vertebrates (Tetrapoda)
without rank: Amphibians (Lissamphibia)
Order : Frog (anura)
Subordination : Neobatrachia
Scientific name
Neobatrachia
Reig , 1958

Neobatrachia - German about "modern frogs", "new frogs", "higher frogs" or "new frogs" - is a subordination of the frogs , which in turn belongs to the class of amphibians . With around 5600 species, almost 97 percent of all frog species are assigned to this suborder.

features

The differentiation of the frogs into "lower" ( Archaeobatrachia ), more recently "middle" ( Mesobatrachia ) and "higher" frogs - which is by no means undisputed and with increasing knowledge becomes more uncertain than clearer, because some supposed differentiating factors have proven to be group-wide - happens primarily according to features of the anatomy , especially the bone structure, as well as some externally visible characteristics and behavior. In detail, there are three superfamilies of Neobatrachia - although this division is not clear either; some families are assigned differently - the following characteristics are mentioned:

Superfamily Hyloidea (Bufonoidea) - tree frogs, real toads and relatives

The jawbones are toothless (toads) or toothed (tree frogs); the shoulder girdle is mobile (in the tree frogs with a cartilaginous sternum); the sacral vertebrae have more or less widened transverse processes and are indirectly connected to the urostyle (coccyx); there are five to eight procoel-shaped presacral vertebrae; Ribs are absent; the pupils are mostly aligned horizontally, the amplexus through the male is axillary. The larvae have a breathing hole on the left and usually two upper and three lower rows of teeth in the mouth.

(former) superfamily Microhyloidea - narrow-mouth frogs

This only from the family mouthed existing (Microhylidae) taxon has diplasiocoele or procoele vertebrae. Your shoulder girdle is rigid and often regressed. Teeth are usually absent and there are transverse ridges of skin on the roof of the mouth. The tadpole's breathing hole opens in the middle line of the abdomen; They don't have horn jaws. In more recent phylogenetic reviews, the narrow-mouthed frogs are assigned to the Ranoidea.

Superfamily Ranoidea - Real frogs and relatives

Jaws are dentate; There are seven procoele presacral vertebrae, the neural arches of which do not overlap like a roof tile; the last presacral vertebra is amphicoel shaped (indented at both ends); the sacrum is biconvex; the transverse processes of the sacrum are cylindrical and connected indirectly to the coccyx; the shoulder girdle is rigid with a few exceptions. Ribs are missing; the pupils are horizontal; the amplexus through the male is axillary.

Differentiation from the other subordinates

Common to all neobatrachia is the presence of a neopalatine bone, the fusion of the third distal carpal bone with other carpal bones, the complete separation of the Sartorius muscle from the semitendinosus and the presence of an additional head of the long adductor muscle. It is also undisputed that the number of vertebrae in recent frogs has decreased from nine to a minimum of five in the course of evolution .

The definition of Neobatrachia becomes clearer when it is differentiated from the only 28 species of Archaeobatrachia (compare, for example, toad , disc beak ). So these have, among other things, eight to nine amphicoel or ophistocoel shaped vertebrae and have free ribs on the vertebrae II to IV. With them the mating amplexus is inguinal, ie in the lumbar region; the larvae have their breathing holes on the belly side. The species separated as Mesobatrachia since 1993 (approx. 187; compare, for example , the common spadefoot toad , western mud diver , American paddle- footed toad , hairstreak frog ) mediate between the other two suborders with their characteristics - their most striking common external characteristic are mostly vertically slit pupils (which, however, in some Neobatrachia can also occur; compare, for example, red-eyed tree frogs , forest climber frogs ).

Families and subfamilies of the suborder Neobatrachia

(Sorting alphabetically, the 14 former subfamilies of the real frogs (Ranidae) are listed at the end; the representation of the above differentiated "superfamilies" is omitted)

The Ranidae family was divided into 14 subfamilies in 2005, most of which were raised to families in 2006:

literature

  • Günther E. Freytag, Bernhard Grzimek, Oskar Kuhn & Erich Thenius (eds.): Lurche . In: Grzimeks Tierleben, Vol. 5: Fish 2, Lurche. Licensed edition in dtv, Munich 1980, ISBN 3-423-03204-9

Web links

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