Neobatrachia
Neobatrachia | ||||||||||||
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Polar toad ( Bufo boreas ) |
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Systematics | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Neobatrachia | ||||||||||||
Reig , 1958 |
Neobatrachia - German about "modern frogs", "new frogs", "higher frogs" or "new frogs" - is a subordination of the frogs , which in turn belongs to the class of amphibians . With around 5600 species, almost 97 percent of all frog species are assigned to this suborder.
features
The differentiation of the frogs into "lower" ( Archaeobatrachia ), more recently "middle" ( Mesobatrachia ) and "higher" frogs - which is by no means undisputed and with increasing knowledge becomes more uncertain than clearer, because some supposed differentiating factors have proven to be group-wide - happens primarily according to features of the anatomy , especially the bone structure, as well as some externally visible characteristics and behavior. In detail, there are three superfamilies of Neobatrachia - although this division is not clear either; some families are assigned differently - the following characteristics are mentioned:
Superfamily Hyloidea (Bufonoidea) - tree frogs, real toads and relatives
The jawbones are toothless (toads) or toothed (tree frogs); the shoulder girdle is mobile (in the tree frogs with a cartilaginous sternum); the sacral vertebrae have more or less widened transverse processes and are indirectly connected to the urostyle (coccyx); there are five to eight procoel-shaped presacral vertebrae; Ribs are absent; the pupils are mostly aligned horizontally, the amplexus through the male is axillary. The larvae have a breathing hole on the left and usually two upper and three lower rows of teeth in the mouth.
(former) superfamily Microhyloidea - narrow-mouth frogs
This only from the family mouthed existing (Microhylidae) taxon has diplasiocoele or procoele vertebrae. Your shoulder girdle is rigid and often regressed. Teeth are usually absent and there are transverse ridges of skin on the roof of the mouth. The tadpole's breathing hole opens in the middle line of the abdomen; They don't have horn jaws. In more recent phylogenetic reviews, the narrow-mouthed frogs are assigned to the Ranoidea.
Superfamily Ranoidea - Real frogs and relatives
Jaws are dentate; There are seven procoele presacral vertebrae, the neural arches of which do not overlap like a roof tile; the last presacral vertebra is amphicoel shaped (indented at both ends); the sacrum is biconvex; the transverse processes of the sacrum are cylindrical and connected indirectly to the coccyx; the shoulder girdle is rigid with a few exceptions. Ribs are missing; the pupils are horizontal; the amplexus through the male is axillary.
Differentiation from the other subordinates
Common to all neobatrachia is the presence of a neopalatine bone, the fusion of the third distal carpal bone with other carpal bones, the complete separation of the Sartorius muscle from the semitendinosus and the presence of an additional head of the long adductor muscle. It is also undisputed that the number of vertebrae in recent frogs has decreased from nine to a minimum of five in the course of evolution .
The definition of Neobatrachia becomes clearer when it is differentiated from the only 28 species of Archaeobatrachia (compare, for example, toad , disc beak ). So these have, among other things, eight to nine amphicoel or ophistocoel shaped vertebrae and have free ribs on the vertebrae II to IV. With them the mating amplexus is inguinal, ie in the lumbar region; the larvae have their breathing holes on the belly side. The species separated as Mesobatrachia since 1993 (approx. 187; compare, for example , the common spadefoot toad , western mud diver , American paddle- footed toad , hairstreak frog ) mediate between the other two suborders with their characteristics - their most striking common external characteristic are mostly vertically slit pupils (which, however, in some Neobatrachia can also occur; compare, for example, red-eyed tree frogs , forest climber frogs ).
Families and subfamilies of the suborder Neobatrachia
(Sorting alphabetically, the 14 former subfamilies of the real frogs (Ranidae) are listed at the end; the representation of the above differentiated "superfamilies" is omitted)
- Subordination Neobatrachia Reig, 1958 - "Modern Froschlurche"
- Leaf toad family , Allophrynidae Goin, Goin & Zug, 1978 (The genus Allophryne is considered a sister taxon of Centrolenidae )
- Family Aromobatidae Grant, Frost, Caldwell, Gagliardo, Haddad, Kok, Means, Noonan, Schargel & Wheeler, 2006
- Subfamily Allobatinae Grant, Frost, Caldwell, Gagliardo, Haddad, Kok, Means, Noonan, Schargel & Wheeler, 2006
- Subfamily Anomaloglossinae Grant, Frost, Caldwell, Gagliardo, Haddad, Kok, Means, Noonan, Schargel & Wheeler, 2006
- Subfamily Aromobatinae Grant, Frost, Caldwell, Gagliardo, Haddad, Kok, Means, Noonan, Schargel & Wheeler, 2006
- Long finger frog family , Arthroleptidae Mivart, 1869
- Subfamily Arthroleptinae Mivart, 1869
- Subfamily Astylosterninae Noble, 1927 (including hair frog )
- Subfamily forest climber frogs , Leptopelinae Laurent, 1972 (previously assigned to the reed frogs )
- (The family Astylosternidae Dubois, 1992 is only understood here as a synonym for Arthroleptidae .)
- (The family Atelopodidae Parker, 1934 is only understood here as a synonym for Bufonidae .)
- Family saddlebacks , Brachycephalidae Günther, 1858
- Short-headed frog family , Brevicipitidae Bonaparte, 1850
- Toads family , Bufonidae Gray, 1825
- Family Calyptocephalellidae Reig, 1960
- Family of glass frogs , Centrolenidae Taylor, 1951
- Subfamily Centroleninae Taylor, 1951
- Subfamily Hyalinobatrachinae Guayasamin, Castroviejo-Fisher, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada & Vilà, 2009
- Family Ceratophryidae Tschudi, 1838
- Subfamily Batrachylinae Gallardo, 1965
- Subfamily Ceratophryinae Tschudi, 1838
- Telmatobiinae Fitzinger subfamily , 1843
- Family Craugastoridae Hedges, Duellman & Heinicke, 2008
- Family Cycloramphidae Tschudi, 1838
- Alsodinae Mivart subfamily , 1869
- Subfamily Cycloramphinae Bonaparte, 1850
- Family poison dart frog (poison dart frogs), Dendrobatidae Cope, 1865
- Subfamily Colostethinae Cope, 1867
- Subfamily Dendrobatinae Cope, 1865
- Subfamily Hyloxalinae Grant, Frost, Caldwell, Gagliardo, Haddad, Kok, Means, Noonan, Schargel & Wheeler, 2006
- Family Eleutherodactylidae Lutz, 1954
- Subfamily Eleutherodactylinae Lutz, 1954
- Subfamily Phyzelaphryninae Hedges, Duellman & Heinicke, 2008
- Ghost frog family , Heleophrynidae Noble, 1931
- Family Hemiphractidae Peters, 1862
- Family Hemisotidae Cope, 1867
- Family tree frogs iwS , Hylidae Rafinesque, 1815
- Subfamily Acridinae Mivart, 1869
- Subfamily Cophomantinae Hoffman, 1878
- Subfamily Dendropsophinae Fitzinger, 1843
- Subfamily Hylinae Rafinesque, 1815
- Subfamily Lophyohylinae Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926
- Subfamily Pelodryadinae Günther, 1858
- Subfamily Pseudinae Savage & Carvalho, 1953
- Subfamily Griffin Frogs , Phyllomedusinae Günther, 1858
- Subfamily Scinaxinae Duellman, Marion & Hedges, 2016 (138 sp.)
- Family Hylodidae Günther, 1858
- Family reed frogs , Hyperoliidae Laurent, 1943
- Family Leiuperidae Bonaparte, 1850
- Family Leptodactylidae ( i.e.s. ) Werner, 1896
- (The family Limnodynastidae Lynch, 1969 is only understood here as a synonym for Myobatrachidae .)
- Close-mouthed frogs family , Microhylidae Günther, 1858
- Subfamily Adelastinae Peloso, Frost, Richards, Rodrigues, Donnellan, Matsui, Raxworthy, Biju, Lemmon, Lemmon & Wheeler, 2016
- Subfamily Asterophryinae Günther, 1858
- Subfamily Cophylinae Cope, 1889
- Subfamily Chaperininae Peloso, Frost, Richards, Rodrigues, Donnellan, Matsui, Raxworthy, Biju, Lemmon, Lemmon & Wheeler, 2016
- Subfamily Dyscophinae Boulenger, 1882
- Subfamily Gastrophryninae Fitzinger, 1843
- Subfamily Hoplophryinae Noble, 1931
- Subfamily Kalophryninae Mivart, 1869
- Subfamily Melanobatrachinae Noble, 1931
- Subfamily Microhylinae Günther, 1858
- Subfamily Otophryninae Wassersug & Pyburn, 1987
- Subfamily Phrynomerinae Noble, 1931
- Subfamily Scaphiophryninae Laurent, 1946
- Family Australian southern frogs , Myobatrachidae Schlegel, 1850 (including Limnodynastidae and the genus Rheobatrachus )
- Family Nasikabatrachidae Biju & Bossuyt, 2003
- Seychelles frogs family , Sooglossidae Noble, 1931
- Family Strabomantidae Hedges, Duellman & Heinicke, 2008
- Subfamily Holoadeninae Hedges, Duellman & Heinicke, 2008
- Subfamily Strabomantinae Hedges, Duellman & Heinicke, 2008
The Ranidae family was divided into 14 subfamilies in 2005, most of which were raised to families in 2006:
- Family Ceratobatrachidae
- Subfamily Alcalinae
- Subfamily Ceratobatrachinae
- Subfamily Liuraninae
- Family Conrauidae Dubois, 1992
- Family Dicroglossidae Anderson, 1871
- Subfamily Dicroglossinae
- Subfamily Occidozyginae
- Family Madagascar frogs, Mantellidae Laurent, 1946
- Subfamily Boophinae Vences & Glaw, 2001
- Subfamily Laliostominae Vences & Glaw, 2001
- Subfamily Mantellinae Laurent, 1946
- Micrixalidae family Dubois, Ohler & Biju, 2001
- Family Nyctibatrachidae Blommers-Schlösser, 1993
- Subfamily Astrobatrachinae
- Subfamily Lankanectinae
- Subfamily Nyctibatrachinae
- Family Petropedetidae Noble, 1931
- Family Phrynobatrachidae Laurent, 1941
- Family Ptychadenidae Dubois, 1987
- Family Pyxicephalidae Bonaparte, 1850
- Subfamily Cacosterninae Noble, 1931
- Subfamily Pyxicephalinae Bonaparte, 1850
- Family of real frogs , Ranidae Rafinesque, 1814
- Family Ranixalidae Dubois, 1987
- Family rowing frogs , Rhacophoridae Hoffman, 1932
- Subfamily Buergeriinae Channing, 1989
- Subfamily Rhacophorinae Hoffman, 1932
- Family Ceratobatrachidae
literature
- Günther E. Freytag, Bernhard Grzimek, Oskar Kuhn & Erich Thenius (eds.): Lurche . In: Grzimeks Tierleben, Vol. 5: Fish 2, Lurche. Licensed edition in dtv, Munich 1980, ISBN 3-423-03204-9