Narrow-mouth frogs

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Narrow-mouth frogs
Dermatonotus muelleri (South America; subfamily Gastrophryninae)

Dermatonotus muelleri
(South America; subfamily Gastrophryninae)

Systematics
Superclass : Jaw mouths (Gnathostomata)
Row : Land vertebrates (Tetrapoda)
without rank: Amphibians (Lissamphibia)
Order : Frog (anura)
Subordination : Neobatrachia
Family : Narrow-mouth frogs
Scientific name
Microhylidae
Günther , 1858

Narrow-mouthed frogs (Microhylidae), also called narrow-mouthed frogs or black-mouthed frogs , are a family of the frogs (Anura). They are mostly quite small, clumsy-looking frogs that prefer to stay near water and are hidden in the ground during the day. But there are also tree-dwelling species. The family is mainly found in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world and includes the smallest terrestrial vertebrate, Paedophryne amauensis .

Overview

Indian bullfrog
( Kaloula pulchra )
(Thailand; subfamily Microhylinae)
Worldwide distribution of the family Microhylidae

The taxon currently includes more than 650 species, which are classified into 13 subfamilies. Narrow-mouth frogs are found in North, Central and South America, Sub- Saharan Africa , Madagascar , East and Southeast Asia, on the Malay Archipelago and in the far north and northeast of Australia. In the USA, China and the Korean Peninsula , temperate zones are sometimes reached beyond the tropics and subtropics. It is believed that this group of animals, of which no direct fossil precursors are known, originally spread from what is now Southeast Asia. 19 species from two genera ( Austrochaperina and Cophixalus ) belong to the fauna of Australia and can only be found there in the rainforests.

This extensive family has only a few striking features in common (for anatomical characteristics see also Neobatrachia ). But many have a particularly small head or a short snout or a small mouth (name!), Slightly protruding eyes and short rear legs. While the few New World genres appear to be relatively uniform, the abundance of forms is particularly noticeable among Asian and African representatives.

A species better known among terrarium keepers is the so-called Indian bullfrog ( Kaloula pulchra ), which is not closely related to the North American bullfrog . In addition, its center of distribution is less India and more Southeast Asia and Indonesia. Similar to the European spadefoot toad , for example , the heel humps are transformed and hardened as grave shovels.

Systematics and taxonomy

Myersiella microps
(Brazil; subfamily Gastrophryninae))
Elachistocleis pearsei
(northern South America; Gastrophryninae
Tomato frog ( Dyscophus antongilii; Madagascar; subfamily Dyscophinae)
Southern tomato frog ( Dyscophus guineti
Madagascar; subfamily Dyscophinae)
Elachistocleis ovalis
(Brazil; subfamily Gastrophryninae)
Gastrophryne carolinensis
(USA; subfamily Gastrophryninae)
Uperodon montanus
(India; subfamily Microhylinae)
Spawn of Paradoxophyla palmata
(Madagascar; subfamily Scaphiophryninae)
Scaphiophryne spinosa
(Madagascar; subfamily Scaphiophryninae)

The system of narrow-mouth frogs is very complex and constantly subject to major changes. Of the 53 or 54 genera, not a few are monotypic , ie they consist of only one species. Some of the currently 13 subfamilies are also composed of only a few species. Adelastinae, Chaperininae and Melanobatrachinae even consist of only one species each ( Adelastes hylonomos or Chaperina fusca or Melanobatrachus indicus ). The Papuan narrow-mouth frogs (Asterophryinae) of New Guinea , on the other hand, are the most extensive subfamily with around half of all species (more than 300 species). Of the actual narrow-mouthed frogs (Microhylinae), several genera were recently assigned to other subfamilies (especially to Gastrophryninae). The Southeast and South African short-headed frogs are now considered to be a separate family, Brevicipitidae.

Subfamilies and genera

The narrow-mouthed frogs comprise 13 subfamilies with a total of 652 species. There is disagreement as to whether one should set up a separate family for each of the difficult to classify species Adelastes hylonomos and Chaperina fusca , which is why there are only 11 subfamilies in older classifications.

Processing status: April 24, 2018

Subfamily Adelastinae Peloso, Frost, Richards, Rodrigues, Donnellan, Matsui, Raxworthy, Biju, Lemmon, Lemmon & Wheeler, 2016

Subfamily Asterophryinae Günther, 1858 - Papuan narrow-mouth frogs (18 genera)

The genus Albericus Burton & Zweifel, 1995 merged with the genus Choerophryne . Molecular genetic studies had shown that Albericus was paraphyletic.

The genera Genyophryne Boulenger, 1890, Liophryne Boulenger, 1897 and Oxydactyla Van Kampen, 1913, were merged with Sphenophryne . The genus Metamagnusia Günther, 2009 now belongs to Asterophrys , as is the genus Pseudocallulops Günther, 2009.

Subfamily Chaperininae Peloso, Frost, Richards, Rodrigues, Donnellan, Matsui, Raxworthy, Biju, Lemmon, Lemmon & Wheeler, 2016

  • Genus Chaperina Mocquard, 1892

Subfamily Cophylinae Cope, 1889 - Madagascar narrow-mouth frogs

The genus Stumpffia was merged with Rhombophryne in 2015 . Platypelis was synonymous with Cophyla .

Subfamily Dyscophinae Boulenger, 1882 - deaf frogs, tomato frogs

Subfamily Gastrophryninae Fitzinger, 1843

The genus Syncope Walker, 1973 was synonymous with the genus Chiasmocleis Méhely, 1904 in 2014 .

Subfamily Hoplophryninae Noble, 1931

Subfamily Kalophryninae Mivart, 1869

Subfamily Melanobatrachinae Noble, 1931 - black frogs

Subfamily Microhylinae Günther, 1858 - Actual narrow-mouth frogs

The genus Ramanella Rao & Ramanna, 1925 and the species Kaloula taprobanica Parker, 1934 were combined with the genus Uperodon Duméril & Bibron, 1841. The Sri Lankan puffer frog Kaloula taprobanica is now called Uperodon taprobanicus (Parker, 1934). The genus Calluella Stoliczka, 1872 was placed in the genus Glyphoglossus Günther, 1869.

Subfamily Otophryninae Wassersug & Pyburn, 1987

Subfamily Phrynomerinae Noble, 1931

Subfamily Scaphiophryninae Laurent, 1946 - Marble Roots

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Eric N. Rittmeyer, A. Allison, MC Gründler, DK Thompson, Christopher C. Austin: Ecological Guild Evolution and the Discovery of the World's Smallest Vertebrate. PLoS ONE 7, 1, e29797, January 2012 doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0029797
  2. ↑ a b c d e f Pedro LV Peloso, Darrel R. Frost, Stephen J. Richards, Miguel T. Rodrigues, Stephen Donnellan, Masafumi Matsui, Cristopher J. Raxworthy, SD Biju, Emily Moriarty Lemmon, Alan R. Lemmon & Ward C. Wheeler: The impact of anchored phylogenomics and taxon sampling on phylogenetic inference in narrow-mouthed frogs (Anura, Microhylidae). Cladistics, 3, 1-28, March 2015 doi : 10.1111 / cla.12118
  3. ^ Darrel R. Frost: Microhylidae Günther, 1858 (1843) . Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History, New York 1998-2017, accessed December 12, 2017
  4. ↑ narrow-mouth frogs . List of narrow-mouthed frogs and species, AmphibiaWeb, accessed on April 3, 2019
  5. ^ A b J. Rivera, F. Kraus, A. Allison, MA Butler: Molecular phylogenetics and dating of the problematic New Guinea microhylid frogs (Amphibia: Anura) reveals elevated speciation rates and need for taxonomic reclassification. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 112, pp. 1-11, 2017
  6. ↑ Scherz, Mark D .; Hutter, Carl D .; Rakotoarison, andolalao; Riemann, Jana C .; Rödel, Mark-Oliver; Ndriantsoa, ​​Serge H .; Glos, Julian; Roberts, Sam Hyde; Crottini, Angelica; Vences, Miguel; Glaw, Frank (2019-03-27). Morphological and ecological convergence at the lower size limit for vertebrates highlighted by five new miniaturized microhylid frog species from three different Madagascan genera . PLOS ONE. 14 (3), 2019: doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0213314

Web links

Commons : Narrowmouth Frogs  - Collection of images, videos, and audio files
  • Darrel R. Frost: Microhylidae Günther, 1858 (1843) . Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History, New York 1998-2017, accessed December 12, 2017
  • Narrow-mouth frogs . List of narrow-mouthed frogs and species, AmphibiaWeb, accessed on April 3, 2019