Toads

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Toads
Bufo terrestris

Bufo terrestris

Systematics
Superclass : Jaw mouths (Gnathostomata)
Row : Land vertebrates (Tetrapoda)
without rank: Amphibians (Lissamphibia)
Order : Frog (anura)
Subordination : Neobatrachia
Family : Toads
Scientific name
Bufonidae
JE Gray , 1825

The toads (Bufonidae) form a family within the order of the frogs . Worldwide more than 600 species are distributed on all continents ; however, they are not represented on Greenland , Antarctica , Madagascar , New Zealand and many Pacific islands. The fauna of Australia only includes the neozoic cane toad introduced by humans ; otherwise the family would not be present here either.

For anatomical and morphological features, compare Neobatrachia and Real Toads . For example, many species in the family have warty, glandular skin and rather short hind legs. There are species with an aquatic tadpole phase as well as those with direct development within the eggs (then ready-made young toads hatch from the eggs). With the genera Nectophrynoides and Nimbaphrynoides , the only viviparous frogs are also represented. With almost 300 species, by far the most extensive genus of the Bufonidae family are the namesake real toads ( Bufo ) - at least if this taxon is not systematically differentiated and broken down (see below).

At a higher taxonomic level, the term “toad” is not sharply delimited - it is also used for species belonging to other families and even to a different subordination of the frogs (cf. for example: midwife toads , European and American paddock toads , comb toads ). The same applies to the term “frog”.

Taxonomy

Atelopus spumarius
Profile of a common toad , Bufo bufo
Colorado toad ( Incilius alvarius )
Peltophryne peltocephala
Schismaderma carens

The systematics of the family Bufonidae is controversial. There are very different representations of their taxonomic structure. The following table is based on the Amphibiaweb website (see web links), which lists 35 genera with around 540 species. In this form it is probably a paraphyletic collective taxon. A divergent overview is provided by the website Amphibian Species of the World (see web links), where a similar number of species is distributed over 45 genera (plus more than 20 species that cannot be clearly assigned to any genus). Compared with the list below are additionally introduced as classes about Amietophrynus , Anaxyrus , Andinophryne , Duttaphrynus , Epidalea , Incilius , Laurentophryne , Nannophryne , Peltophryne , Phrynoidis , Poyntonophrynus , Pseudepidalea , Rhaebo , Rhinella and Vandijkophrynus (also covered five others away). However, this system is considered controversial and in some cases still quite provisional. Following this proposal would, for example, known previous Bufo TYPES as natterjack toad (then Epidalea calamita ), toad ( Bufotes viridis ), golden toad ( Incilius periglenes ), Blomberg toad ( Rhaebo blombergi ) or Cane Toad ( Rhinella marina receive new names). In the genus Bufo itself only about 20 species would remain.

List of genera

The Bufonidae comprise 52 described genera with 617 species.

As of August 29, 2019

The three species of the former genus Andinophryne Hoogmoed , 1985 were initially synonymous with Rhaebo Cope , 1862 until a more detailed phylogenetic analysis of the genus is available.

When Annemarie Ohler and Alain Dubois discovered in 2016 that Sclerophrys capensis Tschudi , 1838, is identical to Amietophrynus rangeri ( Hewitt , 1935) , Amietophrynus was synonymous with Sclerophrys with 40 species .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Darrel R. Frost: Bufonidae , Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History, 1998–2015, accessed June 20, 2015.
  2. ↑ Wouter Beukema, Philip de Pous, David Donaire-Barroso, Sergé Bogaerts, Joan Garcia-Porta, Daniel Escoriza, Oscar J. Arribas, El Hassan El Mouden, Salvador Carranza: Review of the systematics, distribution, biogeography and natural history of Moroccan amphibians. In: Zootaxa . 3661, No. 1, 2013, pp. 1-60, doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa.3661.1.1 .
  3. ↑ Ramesh Aggarwal, SR Chandramouli, Karthikeyan Vasudevan, S. Harikrishnan, Sushil Kumar Dutta, S. Jegath Janani, Richa Sharma, Indraneil Das: A new genus and species of arboreal toad with phytotelmonous larvae, from the Andaman Islands, India (Lissamphibia, Anura, Bufonidae) . In: ZooKeys . tape 555 , 2016, ISSN  1313-2970 , pp. 57-90 , doi : 10.3897 / zookeys.555.6522 , PMID 26877687 .
  4. ↑ a b c d e f Darrel R. Frost, Taran Grant, Julián Faivovich, Raoul H. Bain, Alexander Haas, Celio FB Haddad, Rafael O. de Sá, A. Channing, Mark Wilkinson, Stephen C. Donnellan, Christopher J. Raxworthy, Jonathan A. Campbell, Boris L. Blotto, Paul E. Moler, Robert C. Drewes, Ronald A. Nussbaum, John D. Lynch, David M. Green, and Ward C. Wheeler: The amphibian tree of life. In: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 297, pp. 1-370, 2006 ( digitallibrary.amnh.org full text).
  5. ↑ Kin Onn Chan, L. Lee Grismer, Anil Zachariah, Rafe M. Brown, Robin Kurian Abraham: Polyphyly of Asian Tree Toads, Genus Pedostibes Günther, 1876 (Anura: Bufonidae), and the Description of a New Genus from Southeast Asia . In: PLOS ONE . tape 11 , no. 1 , 2016, p. e0145903 , doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0145903 , PMID 26788854 .
  6. ↑ Juan Carlos Chaparro, Jennifer B. Pramuk, Andrew G. Gluesenkamp: A New Species of Arboreal Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from Cloud Forest of Southeastern Peru . In: Herpetologica . tape 63 , no. 2 , 2007, p. 203-212 , JSTOR : 4497951 .
  7. ^ A b Annemarie Ohler, Alain Dubois: The identity of the South African toadSclerophrys capensisTschudi, 1838 (Amphibia, Anura) . In: PeerJ . tape 4 , 2016, p. e1553 , doi : 10.7717 / peerj.1553 , PMID 26788431 .
  8. ↑ U. Smart, U., GC Sarker, U. Arifin, MB Harvey, I. Sidik, A. Hamidy, N. Kurniawan, EN Smith: A new genus and two new species of arboreal toads from the highlands of Sumatra with a phylogeny of Sundaland toad genera. In: Herpetologica. 73, pp. 63-75. Utpal Smart, Goutam C. Sarker, Umilaela Arifin, Michael B. Harvey, Irvan Sidik, Amir Hamidy, Nia Kurniawan, Eric N. Smith: A New Genus and Two New Species of Arboreal Toads from the Highlands of Sumatra with a Phylogeny of Sundaland Toad Genera . In: Herpetologica . tape 73 , no. 1 , 2017, ISSN  0018-0831 , p. 63-75 , doi : 10.1655 / herpetologica-d-16-00041 .
  9. ↑ Santiago R. Ron, John Jairo Mueses-Cisneros, Paul David Alfonso Gutiérrez-Cárdenas, Alejandra Rojas-Rivera, Ryan L. Lynch, Carlos F. Duarte Rocha, Gabriela Galarza: Systematics of the endangered toad genus Andinophryne (Anura: Bufonidae) : phylogenetic position and synonymy under the genus Rhaebo. In: Zootaxa . 3947, No. 3, 2015, pp. 347-366, doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa.3947.3.3 .

Web links

Commons : Toads (Bufonidae)  - Collection of images, videos and audio files