Johann Jakob von Tschudi
Johann Jakob von Tschudi (born July 25, 1818 in Glarus ; † October 8, 1889 in Lichtenegg near Wiener Neustadt ) was a Swiss naturalist, explorer, zoologist, linguist and diplomat who wrote various works on the Quechua language.
Life
His parents were the merchant and councilor in Zurich Johann Jakob von Tschudi and his wife Anna Maria Zwicky . After the father's early death, the mother had to lead the upbringing of her six children at the same time as the business that had gone into liquidation.
Von Tschudi studied science in Leiden , Neuchâtel , Zurich and Paris , later also in Berlin and Würzburg , toured Peru from 1838 to 1843 , lived on his Jakobshof estate in Lichtenegg (Lower Austria) from 1848 , toured Brazil from 1857 to 1859, the La-Plata- States , Chile , Bolivia and Peru. In Lima, von Tschudi met Mariano Eduardo de Rivero y Ustariz , director of the National Museum of Archeology, Anthropology and History of Perú, and, as part of joint studies, became co-author of the book Antigüedades Peruanas , which was published in Vienna in 1851. Von Tschudi went to Brazil in 1859 as Swiss envoy , where he also traveled to the central and southern provinces to study immigration relations.He returned in 1861, went to Vienna in 1866 as Swiss chargé d'affaires and was appointed envoy extraordinary and minister there in 1868. From 1883 he lived on his estate again. Johann Jakob von Tschudi published numerous writings on indigenous peoples of South America and also on their practice of skull deformation .
In 1849 he married Ottilie Schnorr von Carolsfeld , a daughter of the painter Ludwig Ferdinand Schnorr von Carolsfeld . The couple had a son: Hugo (* February 7, 1851, † November 23, 1911), who became an important art historian and museum director.
Honors
In 1845 he was elected a member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina . Since 1849 he was a corresponding member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences .
Dedication names
George Robert Gray called 1846 the Schuppenkotinga ( Ampelioides tschudii ) as a replacement name for Ampelis cincta Tschudi , 1843. The names of Sichelguan subtype ( Chamaepetes goudotii tschudii Taczanowski , 1886), the gray Coot subtype ( Pardirallus sanguinolentus tschudii Chubb, C , 1919) , the yellow-rein Pipritestyrann subspecies ( Piprites chloris tschudii Cabanis , 1874) and the black- and- gray ant strangler subspecies ( Thamnophilus nigrocinereus tschudii von Pelzeln , 1868) were awarded in his honor. In Tyrannula tschudii Hartlaub , 1844 is synonymous with the scales back Flycatcher subtype ( Empidonomus varius rufinus ( Spix , 1825)), in Pyranga testacea tschudii von Berlepsch & Sztolcman , 1892 synonym of Highland Zinnobertangare ( Lesson, RP , 1834).
The priority question with regard to the name Thalurania tschudii Sclater, PL , 1859, seems somewhat more complicated. In 1945 James Lee Peters put this subspecies synonymously with Thalurania furcata nigrofasciata ( Gould , 1846). At the same time he put Thalurania tschudii Gould , 1860 in synonymity with Thalurania furcata jelskii Taczanowski , 1874. Peters justified his decision on the basis of different distribution areas. This analysis can be questioned for various reasons. On the one hand, the distribution area of T. f. nigrofasciata not to Gualaquiza or Zamora . Second, in 1861 Gould clearly described A monograph of the Trochilidæ, or family of humming-birds , that Sclaters and his description refer to Trochilus furcatus Tschudi , 1846. Gould's area of distribution did not refer exclusively to the Río Ucayali but extended over Ecuador and Peru. In addition, Sclater used Gould's manuscript. Even T. f. jelskii as a synonym can be questioned, as both authors named Ecuador as a distribution area. Here would be T. f. viridipectus Gould , 1848 the most likely synonym.
With the Tschudi guinea pig ( Cavia tschudii Fitzinger , 1867), as well as the spit deer subspecies ( Mazama gouazoubira tschudii ( Wagner , 1855)), mammalian names were also dedicated to him.
Writings and works
- Monograph of the Swiss Lizards , Petitpierre, Neuchâtel 1837, doi: 10.3931 / e-rara-10859
- Classification of the Batrachians, taking into account the fossil animals of this division of reptiles , Petitpierre, Neuchâtel 1838, doi: 10.3931 / e-rara-34403
- Investigations on the fauna of Peru , Scheitlin and Zollikofer, St. Gallen 1844-46, digitized
- The Kechua language , Imperial and Royal Court and State Dr. , Vienna 1853, 3 vol., Language teaching digitized , language samples digitized and dictionary digitized
- Ollanta, an old Peruvian drama, translated from the Kechua language and commented , Karl Gerold's Sohn, Vienna 1875, digitized .
- Organism of the Khets̆ua language , FA Brockhaus, Leipzig 1884, digitized
- Peru, Reiseskizzen , 1838–1842, Scheitlin and Zollikofer, St. Gallen 1846, 2 volumes: 1st volume digitized and 2nd volume digitized
- Antiguedades peruanas , Vienna 1851, (in Spanish), digitized
- Journeys through South America , FA Brockhaus, Leipzig 1866–69, 5 vols., 1st vol. Digitized , 2nd vol. Digitized , 3rd vol. Digitized , 4th vol. Digitized and 5th vol. Digitized
- Diagnoses of some new Peruvian birds . In: Archives for natural history: Journal for systematic zoology . tape 9 , no. 1 , 1843, p. 385-390 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
- Avium conspectus quae in Republica Peruana reperiuntur et pleraeque observatae vel collectae suut in itinere . In: Archives for Natural History . tape 10 , no. 1 , 1844, pp. 262-317 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
- Research on the fauna of Peruana . Scheitlin and Zollikofer, St. Gallen ( biodiversitylibrary.org - 1844-1846).
In his work The Naturalist in Nicaragua (edition 1873, page 120) Von Tschudi is mentioned by the English naturalist Thomas Belt in connection with the classification of the domestic dogs of the Indians of Tropical America. Von Tschudi found two breeds of dogs among the Indians: Canis caraibicus (Lesson) and Canis ingae (Tschudi).
literature
- Constantin von Wurzbach : Tschudi, Johann Jacob von . In: Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich . 48th part. Kaiserlich-Königliche Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, Vienna 1883, pp. 61–64 ( digitized version ).
- Friedrich Ratzel : Tschudi, Johann Jakob von . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 38, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1894, pp. 749-752.
- Jeroen Dewulf: Brazil with breaks. Swiss under the Southern Cross , Zurich NZZ Verlag (2007) ISBN 978-3-03823-349-7
- Hans Hermann Carl Ludwig von Berlepsch, Jan Sztolcman: Résultats des recherches ornithologiques faites au Pérou Par M. Jean Kalinowski . In: Proceedings of the General Meetings for Scientific Business of the Zoological Society of London for the Year 1892 . 1892, p. 371-410 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
- Jean Louis Cabanis : Mr. Cabanis reports on many interesting birds of the Peruvian ornis . In: Journal for Ornithology (= 4 ). tape 22 , no. 238 , 1874, pp. 96-100 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
- Charles Chubb: Notes on Collections of Birds in the British Museum, from Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Argentina Part I Tinamide-Rallidae . In: The Ibis (= 11 ). tape 1 , no. 238 , 1919, pp. 1-55 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
- Leopold Joseph Fitzinger: Attempt of a natural arrangement of the rodents (Rodentia) . In: Meeting reports of the mathematical and natural science class of the Imperial Academy of Sciences (= Department 1: Biology, Mineralogy, Geography. ). tape 56 , 1867, pp. 57-168 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
- John Gould: Description of Twenty-two new Species of Humming Birds . In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . tape 28 , 1860, p. 304-313 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
- John Gould: A monograph of the Trochilidæ, or family of humming-birds . tape 2 , delivery 21. Taylor and Francis, London 1861 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
- George Robert Gray: The genera of birds: Their generic characters, a notice of the habits of each genus, and an extensive list of species referred to their several genera . tape 1 . R. and JE Taylor, London 1846 ( biodiversitylibrary.org - 1844-1849).
- Gustav Hartlaub: Notices ornithologique . In: Revue Zoologique par La Société Cuvierienne . tape 7 , 1844, pp. 369-370 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
- August von Pelzeln: On the ornithology of Brazil. Results of Johann Natterer's travels between 1817 and 1835 . A. Pichler's Witwe & Sohn, Vienna 1871 ( biodiversitylibrary.org - 1868-1870).
- James Lee Peters: Check-List of Birds of the World . tape 5 . Harvard University Press, Cambridge 1945 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
- Philip Lutley Sclater: List of Birds collected by Mr. Louis Fraser, at Cuenca, Gualaquiza and Zamora, in the republic of Ecuador . In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London . tape 26 , 1858, pp. 449-461 ( biodiversitylibrary.org - 1859).
- Władysław Taczanowski: Ornithologie du Pérou . tape 3 . Typography Oberthur, Rennes 1886 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
- Johann Andreas Wagner: The mammals in pictures after nature, with descriptions . Supplementary volume 5. TO Weigel, Leipzig 1855 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
- Frederick Herschel Waterhouse: The dates of publication of some of the zoological works of the late John Gould, FRS RH Porter, London 1885 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
Web links
- Literature by and about Johann Jakob von Tschudi in the catalog of the German National Library
- Works by and about Johann Jakob von Tschudi in the German Digital Library
- Veronika Feller-Vest: Johann Jakob von Tschudi. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- Full text "Research on the Peruvian Fauna" in the Biodiversity Heritage Library of the Internet Archive
- Documents by and about Johann Jakob von Tschudi in the Dodis database of Diplomatic Documents in Switzerland
Individual evidence
- ^ Georg Petersen, Hartmut Fröschle : The Germans in Peru . In: Hartmut Fröschle (ed.): The Germans in Latin America. Fate and achievement . Erdmann, Tübingen 1979, ISBN 3-7711-0293-6 , pp. 696-741, here p. 702.
- ↑ 1860, Johann Jakob von Tschudi in Brazil
- ^ Member entry by Johann Jacob von Tschudi at the German Academy of Natural Scientists Leopoldina , accessed on June 18, 2016.
- ^ Carl von Voit : Johann Jakob von Tschudi (obituary) . In: Meeting reports of the mathematical-physical class of the KB Academy of Sciences in Munich . tape 20 , 1890, p. 427–429 ( online [PDF; accessed May 3, 2017]).
- ↑ George Robert Gray, p. 279.
- ↑ Johann Jakob von Tschudi (1843), p. 385.
- ^ Władysław Taczanowski, p. 275.
- ^ Charles Chubb, p. 50.
- ↑ Jean Louis Cabanis, p. 99.
- ↑ August von Pelzeln, p. 76, p. 141.
- ↑ Gustav Hartlaub, p. 369.
- ^ Hans Hermann Carl Ludwig von Berlepsch a. a., p. 375.
- ^ Philip Lutley Sclater, p. 460.
- ^ John Gould (1860), p. 312.
- ↑ James Lee Peters, p. 46.
- ^ John Gould (1861), plate 103 & text.
- ↑ Johann Jakob von Tschudi: Investigations on the Fauna Peruana , p. 245.
- ^ Leopold Joseph Fitzinger, p. 154.
- ^ Johann Andreas Wagner, p. 387.
Remarks
- ↑ Although the article was presented on November 9, 1858 at the meeting of the Zoological Society of London , it did not appear until 1859.
- ↑ According to Frederick Herschel Waterhouse, p. 55, plate 103 appeared as part of delivery 22 from 1861.
| predecessor | Office | successor |
|---|---|---|
| Ludwig Eduard Steiger |
Swiss envoy in Vienna 1866–1883 |
Arnold Otto Aepli |
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Tschudi, Johann Jakob von |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Swiss naturalist, explorer, linguist and diplomat |
| DATE OF BIRTH | July 25, 1818 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Glarus |
| DATE OF DEATH | October 8, 1889 |
| Place of death | Lichtenegg near Wiener Neustadt |