Amazophrynella

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Amazophrynella
Amazophrynella minuta is the type species of the genus

Amazophrynella minuta is the type species of the genus

Systematics
Row : Land vertebrates (Tetrapoda)
without rank: Amphibians (Lissamphibia)
Order : Frog (anura)
Subordination : Neobatrachia
Family : Toads (Bufonidae)
Genre : Amazophrynella
Scientific name
Amazophrynella
Fouquet et al., 2012

Amazophrynella is a South American genus of frogs from the toad family(Bufonidae). It wasseparatedfrom the genus Dendrophryniscus in 2012.

description

The toads of the genus Amazophrynella are particularly noticeable because of their small body size. Depending on the species, males have a head-trunk length of 12 to around 28 millimeters, females from 16 to around 30 millimeters. With the exception of pregnant females, their bodies are flat. This feature is particularly noticeable when viewed from the side. They have an elongated snout that tapers to a point when viewed from the side. Seen from above, it appears slightly rounded. The hind legs are longer than the body, which distinguishes the genus Amazophrynella from many other frog genera . Their skin is grainy and, depending on the species, more or less dense. The belly of A. bokermanni and A. manaos is white with irregular black spots, A. vote is red-brown with white spots and A. minuta is orange with brown spots. The tympanum is not visible.

distribution

Amazophrynella occurs in the Amazon basin . This means that the genus differs in its geographical distribution from the genus Dendrophryniscus , which is native to the Atlantic rainforests in the south and southeast of Brazil . The distribution area of Amazophrynella extends over the South American states Bolivia , Brazil, Ecuador , French Guiana , Guyana , Colombia , Peru , Suriname and Venezuela .

Way of life

The toads of the genus Amazophrynella live in the lowlands near rivers. They are diurnal and feed mainly on ants , beetles , mites and springtails . Reproduction takes place in the rainy season (November to May). The females do not seek out rivers to lay their eggs, but rather very small, temporary bodies of water. The clutch contains 70 to 250 eggs and is attached to roots, tree trunks or leaves. The tadpoles migrate into the shallow pools or puddles formed by rainwater, which are usually no larger than 20 to 50 square centimeters. In the course of their development, they reach a length of around 18 millimeters.

Taxonomy and systematics

The type species of the genus is the species Amazophrynella minuta described by Melin in 1941 as Atelopus minutus . This was later placed in the genus Dendrophryniscus , but in 2012 by Fouquet et al. spun off together with the species Amazophrynella bokermanni (Izecksohn, 1994), which is also native to the Amazon region . The new genus was named Amazonella . However, the first descriptors had overlooked the fact that Lundblad had already described a group of mites occurring in freshwater under the same generic name in 1931 . The genus of toad was therefore renamed Amazophrynella in 2012 by the same research group that wrote the first description . "Amazo-" is a reference to Amazonia , the range of the genus. "Phryne" (from Greek Φρύνος ) means toad. The suffix "-ella" is a grammatical diminutive that refers to the small body size of the Amazophrynella species.  

Phylogenetic studies have shown, however, that both the name Amazophrynella bokermanni and the name Amazophrynella minuta stood for several cryptic species , which can hardly be distinguished morphologically . In 2012 the first description of Amazophrynella vote followed and in 2014 that of Amazophrynella manaos . These are two species closely related to Amazophrynella bokermanni . In 2015, Amazophrynella matses and Amazophrynella amazonicola were added, two species isolated from the Amazophrynella minuta species complex. In 2016 Amazophrynella javierbustamantei was described as a sister species of Amazophrynella matses . Within this species complex, another species can be expected to be described.

species

The genus includes twelve species. Seven species of the genus had been described by mid-2016, four new ones were added in 2018, and another in 2019

As of August 29, 2019

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Rommel R. Rojas, Vinícius Tadeu de Carvalo, Marcelo Gordo, Robson W. Ávila, Izeni Pires Farias & Tomas Hrbek: A new species of Amazophrynella (Anura: Bufonidae) from the southwestern part of the Brazilian Guiana Shield. Zootaxa, 3753 1, pp. 079-095, 2014
  2. ^ FJM Rojas-Runjaic, S. Castroviejo-Fisher & CL Barrio-Amorós: First record of the Amazonian tiny tree toad "Amazophrynella minuta". (Melin, 1941) (Anura: Bufonidae, for Venezuela. Check List 9, 5, pp. 1122–1123, 2013 Digitized at researchgate.net , accessed on 23 August 2019. doi : 10.15560 / 9.5.1122
  3. ^ A b c Robson W. Ávila, Vinícius Tadeu de Carvalho, Marcelo Gordo, Ricardo A. Kawashita-Ribeiro & Drausio H. Morais: A new species of Amazophrynella (Anura: Bufonidae) from southern Amazonia. Zootaxa, 3484, pp. 65-74, 2012
  4. ^ Albertina P. Lima, William E. Magnusson, Marcelo Menin, Luciana K. Erdtmann, Domingos J. Rodrigues, Claudia Keller, Walter Hödl: Amazophrynella minuta. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, November 14, 2007, updated by Tate Dunstall and Michelle S. Koo, May 15, 2012
  5. ↑ Antoine Fouquet, Renato Recoder, Mauro Teixeira Jr., José Cassimiro, Renata Cecília Amaro, Augustín Camacho, Roberta Damasceno, Ana Carolina Carnaval, Craig Moritz & Miguel Trefaut Rodrigues: Molecular phylogeny and morphometric analyzes reveal deep divergence between Amazonian and Atlantic Forest species of Dendrophryniscus. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 62, pp. 823-838, 2012 doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2011.11.023
  6. ^ O. Lundblad: South American hydracarines. At the same time revision of some species described by E. Daday from Paraguay. Zoologiska Bidrag fran Uppsala, 13, pp. 1-86, 1931
  7. ↑ a b Antoine Fouquet, Renato Recoder, Mauro Teixeira Jr., José Cassimiro, Renata Cecília Amaro, Augustín Camacho, Roberta Damasceno, Ana Carolina Carnaval, Craig Moritz & Miguel Trefaut Rodrigues: Amazonella Fouquet et al., 2012 (Anura: Bufonidae) junior homonym of Amazonella Lundblad, 1931 (Acari: Unionicolidae): proposed replacement by Amazophrynella nom. nov. Zootaxa, 3244, p. 68, 2012
  8. ↑ a b c Rommel R. Rojas, Vinícius Tadeu de Carvalho, Robson W. Ávila, Izeni Pires Farias, Marcelo Gordo & Thomas Hrbek: Two new species of Amazophrynella (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae) from Loreto, Peru . Zootaxa, 3946, 1, pp. 79-103, April 2015
  9. ↑ a b Rommel R. Rojas, Juan Carlos Chaparro, Robson W. Ávila, Vinícius Tadeu de Carvalho, Izeni Pires Farias, Tomas Hrbek & Marcelo Gordo: Uncovering the diversity in the Amazophrynella minuta complex: integrative taxonomy reveals a new species of Amazophrynella ( Anura, Bufonidae) from southern Peru. ZooKeys, 563, pp. 43-71, 2016
  10. ↑ * Darrel Frost: Amazophrynella Fouquet, Recoder, Teixeira, Cassimiro, Amaro, Camacho, Damasceno, Carnaval, Moritz, and Rodrigues, 2012 , Amphibian Species of the World, Version 6.0, American Museum of Natural History, 1998-2019, accessed on 29th August 2019
  11. ↑ Í. L. Kaefer, Rommel R. Rojas-Zamora, M. Ferrão, Izeni Pires Farias & AP Lima: A new species of Amazophrynella (Anura: Bufonidae) with two distinct advertisement calls. Zootaxa, 4577, pp. 316-334, 2019
  12. ^ DE Melin: Contributions to the knowledge of the Amphibia of South America. Göteborgs Kungl. Vetenskaps– och Vitterhets – samhälles, Handlingar, Series B, Matematiska och Naturvetenskapliga Skrifter, 1, pp. 1–71, 1941
  13. ↑ a b c d Rommel R. Rojas, Antoine Fouquet, Santiago R. Ron, Emil José Hernández-Ruz, Paulo R. Melo-Sampaio, Juan Carlos Chaparro, Richard C. Vogt, Vinícius Tadeu de Carvalho, Leandra Cardoso Pinheiro, Robson W. Ávila, Izeni Pires Farias, Marcelo Gordo & Thomas Hrbek: A Pan-amazonian species delimitation: high species diversity within the genus Amazophrynella (Anura: Bufonidae). PeerJ 6: e4941, 2018 doi : 10.7717 / peerj.494

literature

  • Albertina P. Lima, William E. Magnusson, Marcelo Menin, Luciana K. Erdtmann, Domingos J. Rodrigues, Claudia Keller & Walter Hödl: Guia de Sapos da Reserva Adolpho Ducke, Amazonia Central. - Guide to the frogs of Reserva Adolpho Ducke, Central Amazonia. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, 2005, pp. 66-67

Web links