Amazophrynella javierbustamantei

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Amazophrynella javierbustamantei
Variants of back and abdominal staining of Amazophrynella javierbustamantei

Variants of back and abdominal staining of Amazophrynella javierbustamantei

Systematics
without rank: Amphibians (Lissamphibia)
Order : Frog (anura)
Subordination : Neobatrachia
Family : Toads (Bufonidae)
Genre : Amazophrynella
Type : Amazophrynella javierbustamantei
Scientific name
Amazophrynella javierbustamantei
Rojas-Zamora, Chaparro, Carvalho, Ávila , Farias, Hrbek & Gordo, 2016
Distribution of Amazophrynella javierbustamantei in the Amazon basin . The numbers designate the individual sites (the type locality in color ).

Amazophrynella javierbustamantei is a frog from the toad family. Due to molecular biological investigations, it wasseparatedfrom the species complex around Amazophrynella minuta in 2016 as the fourth species.

features

Although Amazophrynella javierbustamantei is mainly distinguished from other species of the genus Amazophrynella by the base sequence of the DNA , there are still some characteristics that can also be used in the field to determine the species.

Amazophrynella javierbustamantei can be described as a medium-sized species within its relatives from the Amazophrynella minuta group. The males have a head-torso length of around 1.5 centimeters, the females are up to 2 centimeters tall. The belly is yellowish in color, with small, rounded black dots. The back is warty to granular, but does not have larger warts such as Amazophrynella minuta . The back color is light brown with irregular dark brown spots.

distribution

Amazophrynella javierbustamantei occurs in Peru in the southeastern Amazon basin at altitudes between 215 and 708 meters. The distribution area includes the regions of Cusco with the river system of the Río Urubamba and Río Madre de Dios with the Río Inambari , the Río Candamo and the Río Tambopata .

Way of life

The frogs are diurnal and move in and on the fallen leaves during the day. At night they sleep on leaves at a height of around 30 centimeters. They breed along the banks of stagnant water, such as the oxbow lakes of rivers, where the males sit in the tangle of leaves above the water and make their characteristic calls. The acoustic signals were recorded and serve as a further distinguishing feature from other species. The females attach their eggs to roots and branches that protrude into the water.

Danger

The habitat of Amazophrynella javierbustamantei in Peru is rich in mineral resources. Three sites along the road between Puerto Maldonado and Cusco in the Madre de Dios region show traces of illegal gold mining . This not only means that the trees are cleared and the earth is removed, but is also associated with the pollution of water with chemicals and heavy metals such as mercury . Oil companies are also active in this area.

As long as the species complex around Amazophrynella minuta was not yet broken down into individual species, it was ascribed a low ecological specialization and a wide distribution. This led to an overall assessment of Amazophrynella minuta as “not at risk” ( least concern ) by the IUCN . This picture changes in the light of phylogenetic research. The status of the individual species in the species complex must be re-examined and assessed.

Systematics and taxonomy

The genus Amazophrynella was separated from the genus Dendrophryniscus in 2012 and at that time only included the species Amazophrynella minuta and Amazophrynella bokermanni, which are native to the Amazon basin . It soon turned out that the name Amazophrynella minuta stood for several, morphologically hardly distinguishable cryptic species . In 2012 and 2014, two other species closely related to Amazophrynella bokermanni were described. In 2015, Amazophrynella matses and Amazophrynella amazonicola were added, two species isolated from the Amazophrynella minuta species complex. In 2016 Amazophrynella javierbustamantei was described as a sister species of Amazophrynella matses . Within this species complex, another species can be expected to be described.

The species name of Amazophrynella javierbustamantei honors the Peruvian herpetologist Javier Bustamante .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f Rommel R. Rojas, Juan Carlos Chaparro, Robson W. Ávila, Vinícius Tadeu de Carvalho, Izeni Pires Farias, Tomas Hrbek & Marcelo Gordo: Uncovering the diversity in the Amazophrynella minuta complex: integrative taxonomy reveals a new species of Amazophrynella (Anura, Bufonidae) from southern Peru. ZooKeys, 563, pp. 43-71, 2016
  2. ↑ Darrel R. Frost: Amazophrynella javierbustamantei , Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0, American Museum of Natural History, 1998-2016, accessed June 6, 2016
  3. ↑ R. Crocoft, V. Morales, R. McDiarmid: Frogs of the Tambopata, Peru. Macauly Library of Natural Songs and Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, 2001
  4. ↑ Fernando Castro, Santiago Ron, Luis A. Coloma, Diego Cisneros-Heredia, Mario Yánez-Muñoz, Wilmar Bolívar (2008): Amazophrynella minuta . In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Red list of threatened species. Retrieved June 8, 2016.
  5. ↑ Antoine Fouquet, Renato Recoder, Mauro Teixeira Jr., José Cassimiro, Renata Cecília Amaro, Augustín Camacho, Roberta Damasceno, Ana Carolina Carnaval, Craig Moritz & Miguel Trefaut Rodrigues: Molecular phylogeny and morphometric analyzes reveal deep divergence between Amazonian and Atlantic Forest species of Dendrophryniscus. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 62, pp. 823-838, 2012 doi: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2011.11.023
  6. ↑ Antoine Fouquet, Renato Recoder, Mauro Teixeira Jr., José Cassimiro, Renata Cecília Amaro, Augustín Camacho, Roberta Damasceno, Ana Carolina Carnaval, Craig Moritz & Miguel Trefaut Rodrigues: Amazonella Fouquet et al., 2012 (Anura: Bufonidae) junior homonymous of Amazonella Lundblad, 1931 (Acari: Unionicolidae): proposed replacement by Amazophrynella nom. nov. Zootaxa, 3244, p. 68, 2012
  7. ↑ Robson W. Avila, Vinícius Tadeu de Carvalho, Marcelo Gordo, Ricardo A. Kawashita-Ribeiro & Drausio H. Morais: A new species of Amazophrynella (Anura: Bufonidae) from southern Amazonia. Zootaxa, 3484, pp. 65-74, 2012
  8. ↑ Rommel R. Rojas, Vinícius Tadeu de Carvalo, Marcelo Gordo, Robson W. Ávila, Izeni Pires Farias & Tomas Hrbek: A new species of Amazophrynella (Anura: Bufonidae) from the southwestern part of the Brazilian Guiana Shield. Zootaxa, 3753 1, pp. 079-095, 2014
  9. ^ Rommel R. Rojas, Vinícius Tadeu de Carvalho, Robson W. Ávila, Izeni Pires Farias, Marcelo Gordo & Thomas Hrbek: Two new species of Amazophrynella (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae) from Loreto, Peru . Zootaxa, 3946, 1, pp. 79-103, April 2015

literature

  • Rommel R. Rojas, Juan Carlos Chaparro, Robson W. Ávila, Vinícius Tadeu de Carvalho, Izeni Pires Farias, Tomas Hrbek & Marcelo Gordo: Uncovering the diversity in the Amazophrynella minuta complex: integrative taxonomy reveals a new species of Amazophrynella (Anura, Bufonidae ) from southern Peru. ZooKeys, 563, pp. 43–71, 2016, doi: 10.3897 / zookeys.563.6084 ( first description )

Web links

Commons : Amazophrynella javierbustamantei  - collection of images, videos and audio files
  • Darrel R. Frost: Amazophrynella javierbustamantei , Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0, American Museum of Natural History, 1998-2016, accessed June 6, 2016